Linguistics and Language Essay

1. The underlying assumptions, theories, and methods dod by psychologiest, linguists, and researchers are believed to strongly affect the way each defines psycholinguistics. Please talk of some different conceptions of psycholinguistics in its relation to other branches of linguistics. Then, define yours. whiz of your reference should be funda affables of Pyscholinguistics by Fernandez and Cairns (2010).Opsycholinguistics is an interdisciplinary field of ask in which the goals are to understand how people admit dustup, how people handling savoir-faire to speak and understand maven some other, and how nomenclature is represented and urbane in the brain. Psycholinguistics is primarily a sub-discipline of psychology and linguistics, only when it is also link up to developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, neurolinguistics, and diction science (Fernandez 2011). OPsycholinguistics examines the psychology of voice communication psycholinguistics is the find aba nd iodind to the examine of the psychological cognitive operationes involved in intelligence serviceing.Psycholinguists study understanding, producing, and retentiveness wrangle, and hence are touch with listening, reading, speaking, writing, and memory for phrase. (Harley, Trevor A. 2001. The Psychology of talking to. ) OPsycholinguistic studies gestate revealed that many of the concepts engage in the outline of sound body structure, vocalize structure, and sentence structure also play a occasion in phrase affect. However, an account of vocabulary bordering also requires that we understand how these linguistic concepts interact with other aspects of gracious motioning to enable linguistic communication fruit and comprehension.( William OGrady, et al. , Contemporary Linguistics An Introduction. Bedford/St. Martins, 2001 OPsycholinguistics, on that point is a regular exchange of in pass wateration between psycholinguists and those working in neurolinguistics , who study how lyric poem is represented in the brain. There are also close colligate with studies in artificial intelligence. Indeed, much of the early interest in spoken communication processing derived from the AI goals of designing computer programs that en multifariousnessle turn speech into writing and programs that can recognize the human voice.(John Field, Psycholinguistics A Resource sacred scripture for Students. Routledge, 2003) OPsycholinguistics refers to the efforts of both linguists and psychologists to rationalize whether certain hypotheses well-nigh talking to encyclopedism and talking to competence as proposed by contemporary linguistic theories (e. g. transformational generative grammar) have a real basis in foothold of perception, memory, intelligence, motivation, etc. (Hartmann and stork 1973) O.. psycholinguists are interested in the underlying knowledge and abilities which people mustiness have in order to custom linguistic process in childhood .I articulate underlying knowledge and abilities beca use up language, like whole systems of human knowledge, can only be inferred from the careful study of overt behavior. (Dan Isaac Slobin 1979) O base on my reading, Psycholinguistics is study about language acquisition, language used one another, and study how language is represented and processed in the brain. Psycholinguistics is primarily a sub-discipline of psychology and linguistics, simply it is also related to developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, neurolinguistics, and speech science. 2.Linguistic compend might use similar language data or language corpuses as the object of analysis. Please give an example of language use which can be analyzed from different point of observe, particularly from semantics, pragmatics, socialinguistics, hold forth analysis, and psycholinguistics. Support your answer in term of their focuses of analysis. How are they similar, different, and how are they related one other. Lin guistics study about human language as communication. In other hand, linguistics as fild of study that the object is language.Semantics is one of study that hand-in-hand with pragmatics. specializing in semantics studies, languageis study about the meaning of words, that is influenced by the setting in which the words are presented. Semantics study how words are given meaning by their structure, tone, and the situation in which they are used. Pragmatics is annoyanceed with the role of context in the interpretation of meaning. Pragmatics and semantics is different parts but the self said(prenominal)(prenominal) public study. Both semantics and pragmatics are concerned with peoples capacity to use language meaningfully.While semantics is concerned with a speakers competence to use the language system in producing meaningful utterances and processing (comprehending). Sociolinguistics a close neighbour of psycholinguistics, can be defined as the linguistic study dealing with the i nfluenceing of language in society. Sociolinguitics has to do with the study of language from the viewpoint of how social, regional, individual and historical aspects influence the language and its use in society which is specifically called speech community. OPsycholinguistics is the study of language acquisition and linguistic behavior.Psycholinguistics refers to the efforts of both linguists and psychologists to explain whether certain hypotheses about language acquisition and language competence as proposed by contemporary linguistic theories (e. g. transformational generative grammar) have a real basis in terms of perception, memory, intelligence, motivation, etc. (Hartmann and stork 1973) Discourse Analysis is approaches to analyzing write, vocal, or sign language use. talk about analysis is, like descriptive linguistics, a way of studying language.It whitethorn be regarded as a set of techniques, rather than a theoretically predetermined system for the writing of linguist ic rules. (Yule, George. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge Cambridge University Press). Doing discourse analysis certainly involves doing syntax and semantic, but it primarily consists of doing pragmatics. In discourse analysis, as in pragmatics, we are concerned with what people using language are doing, and accounting for the linguistic features in the discourse as the means employed in what they are doing. 3.The objects of psycholinguistic studeis are addressed to language employment, acquisition, and comprehension. Could you explain how are the processes of the three language uses in term of psycholinguistics analysis. Language payoff based on Levelt, speech mathematical proceeds divided into quartet peak I. Conceptualization and formulation Primitive linguistic concept about front conceptualized in human mind by David Mcneill express that linguistic concepts are formed as two current and parallel modes of taught. These are syntactic thinking and imagistic thinking.Th en syntactic thinking and imagistic thinking ellaborate to conceptualize converse in which speech utterance and gestures to be tied together in time. But this concept has gone immortalize. Formulation as the output of the process language production. Lashely stated that production and comprehension of speech is linear process. Based on tradition od examining speech production, sleep tangue as a window of the formulation process. II. slips of the language Slip of the tongue is standard mistake, it perish to catch the goof ourselve. Then we can immediately correct. Slip the tongue as the production process .but this concept has gone record too. III. Articulation In this level we consider about what happens when all of he information go from our brain to articulation. IV. Self-Monitoring Self monitoring seems that as final examination stage. It is not only make grow speech and listen one to another, but also to keep one ear open on what they themselve saying. Language acquisit ion Language acquisition is the process by which humans grasp the capacity to perceive and comprehend language, as well as to produce and use words-0 and sentences-1 to communicate. Language acquisition began the similar with the cognitive science at 1950s.Chomsky argued that language acquisition falsified these beliefs in a single stroke children adopt languages that are governed by highly subtle and abstract principles, and they do so without explicit instruction or any other environmental clues to the temper of such principles. While Hence stated language acquisition depends on an innate, species-specific module that is distinct from general intelligence. Chomsky believes that every child has a language acquisition device or LAD which encodes the major principles of a language and its grammatical structures into the childs brain.In other point of view There are five stages in language acquisition stated by Chumbow and Adegbija (1984) such as babbling stage, the holophrastic s tage, the two-word utterances, the telegraphic stage and recursive stage. Language comprehension Clark and Clark argue that language comprehension is mental process by listeners take in the sounds uttered by speaker and use them to construct an interpretation of what they think the speaker intended to convey. (Clark and Clark 1977)In sum up, language comprehension is building the meaning from sounds.While Language comprehension is mainly viewed in cognitive conjecture as con-sisting of active and complex processes in which individuals construct meaning from aural or written information (Anderson 1985 Byrnes 1984 omen 1985 Howard 1985 Pearson 1985 Richards, 1983). An-derson (1983, 1985) proposes that the mental processes necessary for comprehending aural and written texts are sufficiently similar that comprehension of both can generally be discussed as a common phe-nomenon. 4. Following Clark and Clark (1977), comprehension involves two processes-construction and utilization proce sses.The inaugural is concerned with the way listeners construct an interpretation of a sentence from the speakers words. The second deals with how listeners utilize this interpretation for further purposes for registering new infromation, answering questions, following orders, and registering promises. What really happens in our cognitive domains (memory) for both processes? Examplify your answer that the first happens earlier than the second OClark and Clark (1977) say that short-term memory is roughly related to the working memory in the construction process long term memory is dealt with the process of utilization.In other word In short, short-term bonny focus on the surface of the utterance (how the sentence is constructed) while the long one concern on the meaning more (how the sentence is properly utilized). Outilization, consists of relating a mental represen-tation of the text meaning to declarative knowledge in long-term mem-ory. This process is referred to as elaboratio n in other descriptions of the reading process. Utilization is the pigment to comprehension and the basic determinant that facilitates it. In any mes-sage, there may be an interplay between information we already know and information that is only new.5. Production of a speech requires speakers to broadcast what to say before its execution. Theoritically, the plan begins firstly with discourse plan followed by sentence plan and, at last, constituent plan. What should be the underlying concepts of this order? In the execution of a speech plan, several mental activities happen, what are they? Explain your answer OSpeech production is the process by which speak-2 words are selected to be produced, have their phonetics-3 speculate and then finally are articulated by the motor system-4 in thevocal apparatus-5.Speech production can be spontaneous such as when a person creates the words of a conversation-6, reaction such as when they name a picture or read-7 aloud a written word-8, or a vocal imitation such as in speech repetition-9. Speech production is not the same as language production since language-10 can also be produced manually by signs-11. The production of spoken language-12 involves three major levels of processing. The first is the processes of conceptualization-13 in which the intention-14 to create speech links a desired concept to a particular spoken word to be expressed.The second stage is formulation in which the linguistic-15 form required for that words expression is created. This process involves such processes as the generation of a syntactic-16 frame, and phonological-17 encoding which specifies the phonetic-18 form of the intended utterance, the third stage is articulation-19 which involves the retrieval of the particular motor phonetics-20 of a word and the motor coordination-21 of withdraw phonation-22 and articulation by the lungs, glottis, larynx, tongue-23, lips-24, jaw-25, andother parts. (Levelt, WJ (1999).Models of word productio n. -26. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 3 (6) 223232) 6. Children sustain language faster than adults. Please give your arguments to tot or disagree to this statement. How do children use their utterance compared to adult. You should refer to, at least, four references. OChomsky points out that a child could not possibly learn a language through imitation alone because the language spoken near them is highly irregular adults speech is often impoverished up and even sometimes ungrammatical.In ways understanding and prepare meaning in words, children and adults are different. Children tend to focus more on the superficial physical characteristics of an object when defining the prototype for an object and when comparing a stimulus to that prototype. Thus, children will gradually their understanding of an object. Steinberg at all (2001) conclude the progress started from vocalization to babbling, babbling to speech, naming and using holophrastic for one word utterances, and using te legraphic speech for two and three words utterances.Another expert Mc Neill in Steinberg at all (200136) gives another opinion that the child who is learning language can compare the language that they have in their mind with what they hear from his parents. Children give priority to col muddleal links between words. For example, a child might respond with the word iniquity when told the word dark, whereas an adult more likely to respond with the word light when presented with the same word dark. Children may take time to seize the criteria by adult classify item as co-ordinates.7.Language structure and language function can be seen other than by different scholars from the side of the meaning of an utterance. Please discuss your opinion about the function approach to meaning (the procedures and uses) Outterances has different meaning in context (including the situation, condition, location and the time in which the utterances are produced). For example Masak begitu saja jadi gil a sih? this utterance May be in giving support or motivate somebody who righteous got disappointed or depressed. 8. Please quote a mass presentnstrants discourse (at least consisting of ten sentences).Please analyze psycholinguisticly the discourse of the demonstrant by considering his/her mass psychology. ODemo guru bantu angkat kami jadi PNS. Kami telah lama mengabdi untuk negri ini. Kalau kami tidak diangkat jadi PNS, gaji kami tidak cukup untuk memenuhi kebutuhan primer kami. Yaitu kebutuhan hidup keluarga dan kebutuhan pendidikan anak-anak kami. Guru bantu perlu diperhatikan kesejahteraan hidupnya. Dari demo guru di atas terlihat semua individu memiliki kepentingan menjadi satu yaitu meminta kenaikan Gaji yang tidak sesuai standar untuk memenuhi kebutuhan utama.Dari kalimat demo di atas, setiap idividu guru lebih memiliki power yang lebih besar untuk meminta kenaikan gaji dikarekan mereka bersatu menjadi satu. OMass psychology is a branch of social psychology-27. Mass psych ology is concerned with the behaviour and conceit processes of individual mass members and the mass as a whole. The main idea of Sigmund Freud-28s crowd behavior theory is that people who are in a crowd act differently towards people from those who are thinking individually.The minds of the group would merge to form a way of thinking. Each members enthusiasm would be increase as a result, and one becomes less aware of the true temperament of ones actions. Other major thinkers of crowd psychology involve Rene Girard-29, Gustave Le Bon-30, Wilfred Trotter-31, Gabriel Tarde-32,Sigmund Freud-33, Elias Canetti-34, Steve Reicher-35 and Julia Constintine. 9. How do you agree (support) or disagree to the following ideas a. language need not be taught, nor can it be suppressed.OI agree that language need to be taught nor can be suppressed, Fernandez stated that language acquisition in the child is a naturally unfolding process, Every normal human shoots alinguistic system, and failure to do so is evidence for some grade of pathology. that children need to experience social, interactive language in order to acquire language. In fact, people acquire language at about the same speed during about the same age span, no matter what kind of cultural and social situation they grow up in. b.children everywhere acquire language on a similar developmental schedule OI agree that children everywhere acquire language on a similar developmental schedule.Based on (Fernandez 2011) state that babies coo in the first one-half of their first year and begin to babble in the second half. The first word comes in the first half of the second year for just about everyone. In all societies, babies go through a one-word stage, followed by a period of early sentences of increasing length finally, complex sentences begin. By the age of 5 the basic structures of the language are in place, although fine-tuning goes on until late child-hood.Children all over the world are sensitive to the same k inds of language properties, such as word order and inflection. They make unusually few errors, but their errors are of a similar type. While there is much individual variation in the age at which children acquire aspects of language, that variation is conditioned by individual char-acteristics of the child rather than by the language being acquired or the culture in which the language is used. c. language is universal in human being OI agree with that statement about there are close to 7,000 languages spoken in the world directly and, on the surface, they differ greatly.However, there are profound similarities among the languages of the world so many similarities, in fact, that human language can be thought of as a single entity. Language universals result from the way the human brain organizes and processes linguistic information language universals are a product of human neurology. Thus, a persons ability to acquire and use language is natural These universals do not derive fr om social, cultural, or general intellectual characteristics of humans. Instead, List of references Clark, H. H. and E. V.Clark (1977)Psychology and Language, New York, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Fernandez, Eva M. (2011). Fundamental of psycholinguistics. Oxford. Wiley-Blackwell Steinberg, at all (2001) Psycholinguistic Language, Mind, and World. Malaysia, Pearson Education. Scovel, T (2001) Psycholinguistics. Hong Kong, Oxford University Press. Yasin, Anas. (2010). Tindak Tutur sebuah model gamatika komunikatif. 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