Descriptive Essay: A Beautiful Place :: Descriptive Essay Example

I cogitate we all have a beautiful browse in our mind. I have a wonderful moorage that made me happy a take of times, years ago. But sometimes I bring forward that I am the only person who likes this place and Im asking myself if this place will be as beautiful as I thought when I will go back to visit it again. Perhaps I made it beautiful in my mind. This place is meaningful to me because it is part of the county I loved, is part of the county where I grew up and is part of my childhood. This place is in the country in an honest-to-god region named Appalachia, a miniature piece of the Appalachian Mountains, in a township named Pikeville. Pikeville is a polluted town because of the coal industry. People live in apartment or condo buildings because of its little space available. I grew up in one of the many buildings in Pikeville admiring from my bedroom window the beauty of the mountains, always exploring with my eyes the forest or the meadows, looking for a clean and quie t place. And, I found one on a hill in the back of the town. It is intimately 100 feet square, it has septette centenarian trees, wild flowers and a lot of bugs and ants during summertime time. I used to go in that respect to sit down on a rock and inhabit the town and my trees. There was a very old tree, a maple tree, with a huge trunk. The others were smaller, three in the back, three on my left side and the old maple tree on my right. There were flowers, many kinds, white, yellow, discolour and blue. It was nobodys place. Nobody owned that hill, but it was beautiful and peaceful and I dreamed many times about a white house over there. I think that, these kinds of places are meaningful to people because they are natural and people can be there alone, away from their universal life. I used to go there to be alone or to dream with my eyes open admiring the blue sky or the clouds. I liked to go there to drop off down on the grass, listen to the wind, kiss the flowers and w atch the leaves moving. It was hard to go up the hill to bond there, but I wanted to see everyday my seven trees, to see how the color of the leaves changed and to feel the softness of the grass.Descriptive Essay A Beautiful Place Descriptive Essay Example I think we all have a beautiful place in our mind. I have a wonderful place that made me happy a lot of times, years ago. But sometimes I think that I am the only person who likes this place and Im asking myself if this place will be as beautiful as I thought when I will go back to visit it again. Perhaps I made it beautiful in my mind. This place is meaningful to me because it is part of the county I loved, is part of the county where I grew up and is part of my childhood. This place is in the country in an old region named Appalachia, a small piece of the Appalachian Mountains, in a town named Pikeville. Pikeville is a polluted town because of the coal industry. People live in apartment or condominium buildings because of its little space available. I grew up in one of the many buildings in Pikeville admiring from my bedroom window the beauty of the mountains, always exploring with my eyes the forest or the meadows, looking for a clean and quiet place. And, I found one on a hill in the back of the town. It is about 100 feet square, it has seven old trees, wild flowers and a lot of bugs and ants during summer time. I used to go there to sit down on a rock and watch the town and my trees. There was a very old tree, a maple tree, with a huge trunk. The others were smaller, three in the back, three on my left side and the old maple tree on my right. There were flowers, many kinds, white, yellow, purple and blue. It was nobodys place. Nobody owned that hill, but it was beautiful and peaceful and I dreamed many times about a white house over there. I think that, these kinds of places are meaningful to people because they are natural and people can be there alone, away from their everyday life. I used to go there to be alone or to dream with my eyes open admiring the blue sky or the clouds. I liked to go there to lay down on the grass, listen to the wind, kiss the flowers and watch the leaves moving. It was hard to go up the hill to get there, but I wanted to see everyday my seven trees, to see how the color of the leaves changed and to feel the softness of the grass.

Eileen Gray Essay -- Architecture Architect Gray Essays

Eileen Gray When one talks or thinks of architecture, or the architects, there is a enormous gender gap, and due to these gaps, some women do non acquire the acknowledgement that is rightfully theirs. As one of the finest architects, designers, and artist of the 20th century, Eileen Gray was and still has not been given any attention as a serious designer/architect, unlike her counter parts, Le Corbusier, De Stijl, Mies van der Rohe, or Frank Lloyd Wright. Eileen Gray worn out(p) almost of her designing life in France and was influenced greatly by a veriety of designers and architects. She found her self indulged in the art of Toulouse-Lautrec, Cezanne, Van Gogh, Gaughin, Seurat, and Bonnaard. Eileen Gray admired Le Corbusiers Five Points of Architecture, and found it to be a stating point in her designing of buildings. It could be seen in her E-1207 house, Tempe A Pailla, and her Lou Perou house built near St. Tropez.Eileen Grays most significant piece of work is the E-1027 hous e built on the shores of Menton (1926-29). Eileen responds to each of Le Corbusiers points at E.1027. The roof garden is transformed into an accessible roof terrace without plantings. Pilotis support portions of the volume of the house. The windows of the house open with a completely different system than the one Le Corbusier proposed. Some of E.1027s windows are vertical rather than plane bands, but still they are continuous and add flow to the interior rooms. The interior stairways are f...

Basketball Needs To Be Fixed Essay -- essays research papers

Basketball Needs to Be FixedProfessional and college basketball generate become very popular in the police wagon and minds of many Americans. Millions of dollars a year are spent onapparel, tickets, and television all generated by peoples love for basketball.But in the last couple of years, both the National Basketball Association (NBA)and college basketball suffer lost a substantial amount of their opposition andhave caught much criticizim for it. At the heart of this difficulty is a singlecause, greed. The game of basketball has become all about money instead of thegame and its fans. This problem needs to be addressed, and the best send off tostart is with the college players, or more specifically, the NBA draft. Therules and guidelines that pertain to the draft are greatly at fault for the downslide of both college and NBA basketball and they need to be changed before thegame down slides into nothing.The changes that need to be made are simple, underclassmen should not beeli gible for the NBA draft or in other words, if you have years of eligibilityleft, you should not be eligible to be drafted by an NBA team. What problemswould this solve? The answer is most problems in basketball today.First, college basketball has paid greatly by losing its most talentedplayers to the NBA as many as three years early. This has resulted in not onlyan overall lessening of the game, save in trusted circumstances caused thedownfall of once great basketball programs. This is how it happens, collegesrecruit players based on what their needs are or what they will need shortly inthe future. So let us say that one school has a great core of sophomore andjunior players for an upcoming season. The coaches do not have the need or theroom for many new top notch players. So all of the top recruits find otherschools to go to. Then, let us say that the great core of players leaves forthe NBA, leaving the team with mediocre players and a horrible season to lookforward to. By the ne xt recruiting period comes around, the schools write uphas been hurt, and so has their chances of landing the top recruits. Thiscontinues until the schools once proud basketball tradition is a thing of thepast. This situation is not only hypothetical, schools like UNLV, Georgetown,Seton Hall, and Hous... ...ard spiral. That is how players salaries have blush to absurd limits. Noone noticed the problem while it was happening, but now that it is a problemthere is no real way to vivify it. In 1996, a rookie salary cap was put intoeffect by the NBA to put a limit on beginning salaries, so any(prenominal) measures arebeing taken. This is a start, but it is not the answer to the problem. Ifunderclassmen were not allowed to come out early, high rookie salaries would nothave to be as high, and the players would probably be more accepting of lessmoney than most rookies are getting now, and this would help solve the all-around money problem in the NBA.Both the NBA and college basketball seem to be in a rut. And as statedbefore, they reason is the underclassmen leaving school early to make money inthe NBA. So whats the solution? Easy, do not let the college players enterthe NBA draft early. It would benefit everyone in the future. Of course therewould be a transitional period, but the losses would be short and the effects ofthe change would be evident very quickly. Let the game be played the way it wasmeant to be played, for the competition and not for the money.

Hunchback of Notre Dame :: essays research papers

THE HUNCHBACK OF NOTRE DAMEIn Paris, under the reign of Louis XI, the annual Festival of Fools is underway. From atop the mighty Notre Dame cathedral, Quasimodo, a deformed crookback who rings the bells, looks down on the crowd in contempt. Also in the crowd is Dom Claude, the kindly priest of Notre Dame, and his evil brother, Jehan. Clopin, a gypsy who has been crowned " male monarch of the Beggars," calls for his adopted daughter Esmeralda to dance for the group. As Esmeralda passes by the window of Gudule, the old woman curses her, for years before her daughter had been stolen by gypsies. Esmeralda dances for the crowd, while high in a higher place in the palace of Louis XI, Phoebus, a young captain of the guard, admires the pretty girl, though he is betrothed to Fleur de Lis, the niece of Madame de Gondelaurier. That night, Jehan has Quasimodo abduct Esmeralda for him, but Phoebus is on patrol and thwarts the attempt. Phoebus takes Esmeralda out for a late supper and at tempts to ensnare her with his charms. She is wearing a necklace given to her by her mother when she was a baby which she says protects her from all evil. Phoebus has a change of heart and decides not to take his attentions on the girl, though she appears to be willing. The Court of Miracles is the hideout for all the beggars of Paris, so named because here the blind see, and the lame walk. Gringoire, a harmless poet, has stumbled into the Court and is about to be hanged by the mob, but Esmeralda intercedes and he is released. Hereafter, Gringoire becomes her faithful servant. Quasimodo is tried for his attack on Esmeralda and is ordered to be lashed for an hour in the public square. He is beaten savagely and at the end of the time, he cries for water. Esmeralda, pitying the poor beast brings him a drink and Quasimodo is forever in her debt. Quasimodo also does not forget how Jehan betrayed him, and he hates him thereafter.Madame Gondelaurier gives a ball and Phoebus brings Esmera lda, dressed in the finest of clothes, and introduces her as a Princess of Egypt. Clopin has learned that Phoebus has taken Esmeralda as his plaything, and he breaks into the ball demanding her return. To prevent bloodshed, Esmeralda leaves with Clopin, broken hearted. Esmeralda has Gringoire bring a stemma to Phoebus asking him to meet her one last time at

Investigate how the Concentration of a Sucrose Solution affects the Rat

Investigate how the Concentration of a Sucrose Solution affects the stray of OsmosisIntroductionDiffusion is the movement of particles from a advanced concentration to alow concentration until they are spread out evenly. An example ofdiffusion is when an thermobaric bomb is sprayed. The particles spread out fromthe high concentration at the nozzle into the rest of the room andthat is how the smell moves.Osmosis is the passage of water molecules from a weaker base to astronger settlement through a partially permeable membrane. Osmosis is atype of diffusion involving water - the water molecules move from aweak solution (with a high concentration of water) into a strongsolution (with a low concentration of water).The cell membrane in a plant cell is partially permeable - it hassmall holes that evict let in small molecules but not large ones. Thisallows water through and therefore allows osmosis.When the cell has all the water it can take inside of it the osmosisprocess stops. The water pushes up against the cell wall which isstrong enough to stop it bursting. The cell is large(p) and the plantneeds turgid cells to give it rigidity and allow it to stand upright.If the cell has not enough water in it, it is flaccid and doesntsupport the plant which goes limp.In order to make grow for my experiment I did a preliminary experimentto get an idea of how I would do my real experiment and what apparatusand solutions I would need. I weighed 11 potato handicaps and put theminto separate boiling tubes. I filled each boiling tube with adifferent concentration of a sucrose solution from 0 molars (water)through to 1.0 molar with 0.1M intervals in between. After 30 minutesI removed the potato chips and measured their mickle. I found that thechips in the concentrations of 0M to 0.2M had increase in mass andthe rest had decreased in mass. For my experiment I train chosen to usefive concentrations of sucrose solution - 0.0M, 0.1M, 0.2M, 0.3M and0.4M. I have chosen these c oncentrations for two reasons. Firstly theycover the point at which the increase in mass changes to a decreaseand therefore I can hopefully find the equilibrium where the massstays the same, and secondly they are all at equal intervals so itwill be easy and accurate to legislate a graph for my results.PredictionI predict that out of the five potato chips used in the experiment atleast two will... ...tato chipin the solution for different time periods. I could then compare thegradients of the lines of best fit for the 5 different times, and alsodraw graphs for each molarity across the 5 time periods. I could alsodo an experiment using the same concentrations as I did in thisexperiment, but measuring the mass of the potato chips after every 3or 4 hours until the mass stays the same, and see how long potatochips in different solutions took to reach a final mass and to see howlarge its mass would get. Finally I would like to do the sameexperiment as I did here, but stress it out on different types of plantsand compare the rates of osmosis of the different plants. This wouldgive an idea of which plants were more efficient at taking up waterand I could see what types of plants had the fastest rate of osmosis,and whether there was a link between the rate of osmosis in a plantand the habitat it exists in. For example I great power find that plantsthat live in hot, dry conditions have a faster rate of osmosis thanplants which live in cold, wet environments. These experiments wouldhelp give a rectify idea of how the rate of osmosis is affected by theconcentration of a solution.

Investigate how the Concentration of a Sucrose Solution affects the Rat

Investigate how the Concentration of a Sucrose Solution affects the Rate of OsmosisIntroductionDiffusion is the movement of particles from a high meanness to alow concentration until they are spread out evenly. An example of diffusion is when an aerosol is sprayed. The particles spread out fromthe high concentration at the nozzle into the roost of the room andthat is how the smell moves.Osmosis is the passage of water molecules from a weaker solution to astronger solution through a parti eachy permeable membrane. Osmosis is atype of diffusion involving water - the water molecules move from aweak solution (with a high concentration of water) into a strongsolution (with a low concentration of water).The cell membrane in a plant cell is partially permeable - it hassmall holes that can let in small molecules but non large ones. Thisallows water through and therefore allows osmosis.When the cell has all the water it can take inside of it the osmosisprocess stops. The water pushes up ag ainst the cell hem in which isstrong overflowing to stop it bursting. The cell is turgid and the plantneeds turgid cells to arrest it rigidity and allow it to stand upright.If the cell has not enough water in it, it is flaccid and doesntsupport the plant which goes limp.In order to prepare for my taste I did a preliminary experimentto get an topic of how I would do my real experiment and what apparatusand solutions I would need. I weighed 11 potato chips and put theminto separate boiling tubes. I filled individually boiling tube with adifferent concentration of a sucrose solution from 0 molars (water)through to 1.0 molar with 0.1M intervals in amid. After 30 minutesI removed the potato chips and measured their bundle. I found that thechips in the concentrations of 0M to 0.2M had augmentd in mass andthe rest had decreased in mass. For my experiment I have chosen to use quint concentrations of sucrose solution - 0.0M, 0.1M, 0.2M, 0.3M and0.4M. I have chosen these concentrati ons for two reasons. Firstly theycover the point at which the increase in mass changes to a decreaseand therefore I can hopefully find the equilibrium where the massstays the same, and secondly they are all at equal intervals so itwill be easy and accurate to draw a graph for my results.PredictionI predict that out of the five potato chips used in the experiment atleast two will... ...tato chipin the solution for different time periods. I could then equivalence thegradients of the lines of best fit for the 5 different times, and alsodraw graphs for each molarity across the 5 time periods. I could alsodo an experiment using the same concentrations as I did in thisexperiment, but measuring the mass of the potato chips after every 3or 4 hours until the mass stays the same, and see how long potatochips in different solutions took to reach a final mass and to see howlarge its mass would get. Finally I would like to do the sameexperiment as I did here, but try it out on different types of plantsand compare the rates of osmosis of the different plants. This wouldgive an idea of which plants were more efficient at taking up waterand I could see what types of plants had the fastest rate of osmosis,and whether there was a link between the rate of osmosis in a plantand the habitat it exists in. For example I might find that plantsthat live in hot, dry conditions have a blistering rate of osmosis thanplants which live in cold, wet environments. These experiments wouldhelp give a better idea of how the rate of osmosis is affected by theconcentration of a solution.

Introduction to Computer Organization and Computer Evolution Essay

In describing computing machines, a distinction is often made amidst information touch on agreement architecture and electronic ready reckoner organization. Although it is difficult to give precise definitions for these terms, a consensus exists about the general argonas covered by each. calculator Architecture refers to those attributes of a governing body tangible to a political platformmer or, put another mien, those attributes that control a direct impact on the logical execution of a architectural plan. Examples of architectural attributes include the study set, the minute of bits used to represent various information types (e.g., proceedss, characters), I/O mechanisms, and techniques for addressing retentiveness. Computer Organization refers to the operational social units and their interconnections that realize the architectural specifications. Examples of organizational attributes include those computing machine hardware details transparent to the prog rammer, much(prenominal) as control requests interfaces between the data processor and peripherals and the recollection technology used.As an example, it is an architectural design issue whether a information processing system invariablyyow for have a multiply instruction. It is an organizational issue whether that instruction will implemented by a special multiply unit or by a mechanism that makes repeated use of the add unit of the system. The organizational decision may be based on the anticipated frequency of use of the multiply instruction, the relative speed of the two arisees, and the hail and physical coat of a special multiply unit. Historic in ally, and still forthwith, the distinction between architecture and organization has been an all important(predicate) one. M each computing device manufacturers offer a family of computer models, all with the same architecture but with differences in organization.Consequently, the different models in the family have dif ferent price and performance characteristics. Furthermore, a particular architecture may span many years and encompass a weigh of different computer models, its organization changing with changing technology. A prominent example of both these phenomena is the IBM System/370 architecture. This architecture was startle introduced in 1970 and included a number of models.The client with modest requirements could buy a cheaper, slower model and, if demand increased, later upgrade to a more expensive, faster model without having to abandon software system that had already been highly-developed. These newer models retained the same architecture so that the customers software investmentwas protected. Remarkably, the System/370 architecture, with a few enhancements, has survived to this day as the architecture of IBMs mainframe product line.II. social system and FunctionA computer is a complex system contemporary computers contain millions of elementary electronic components. The key is to recognize the ranked nature of nigh complex systems, including the computer. A hierarchical system is a set of interrelated subsystems, each of the latter, in turn, hierarchical in structure until we chain some lowest level of elementary subsystem. The hierarchical nature of complex systems is essential to both their design and their description. The designer need only when deal with a particular level of the system at a time. At each level, the system consists of a set of components and their interrelationships.The behaviour at each level depends only on a simplified, abstracted characterization of the system at the next lower level. At each level, the designer is concerned with structure and usage Structure The way in which the components are interrelated Function The operation of each individual component as part of the structure The computer system will be described from the top down. We begin with the major components of a computer, describing their structure and functi on, and proceed to successively lower layers of the hierarchy.FunctionBoth the structure and functioning of a computer are, in essence, simple. visualise 1.1 depicts the canonic functions that a computer loafer perform. In general terms, there are only quadruple Data processing The computer, of course, moldiness be able to process data. The data may take a wide variety of forms, and the range of processing requirements is broad. However, we shall see that there are only a few fundamental methods or types of data processing. Data shop It is also essential that a computer store data. Even if the computer is processing on the fly (i.e., data come in and get processed, and the results go out immediately), the computer must temporarily store at to the lowest degree those pieces of data that are being worked on at any given moment. Thus, there is at least a short-term data storage function. evenly important, the computer performs a long-term data storagefunction. Files of data are stored on the computer for subsequent retrieval and update.Data shanghaiment The computer must be able to move data between itself and the outside field. The computers in operation(p) environment consists of whirls that serve as either sources or destinations of data. When data are received from or delivered to a device that is directly connected to the computer, the process is known as input-output (I/O), and the device is referred to as a peripheral. When data are moved over longer distances, to or from a remote device, the process is known as data communications. Control Finally there must be control of these three functions. Ultimately, this control is exercised by the individual(s) who provides the computer with instructions. Within the computer, a control unit manages the computers resources and orchestrates the performance of its functional parts in response to those instructions.FIGURE 1.1 A FUNCTIONAL VIEW OF THE data processorAt this general level of discussion, the n umber of attainable operations that can be performed is few. Figure 1.2 depicts the four possible types of operations. The computer can function as a data movement device (Figure 1.2a), simply transferring data from one peripheral or communications line to another. It can also function as a data storage device (Figure 1.2b), with data transferred from the external environment to computer storage (read) and vice versa (write). The final two diagrams show operations involving data processing, on data either in storage (Figure 1.2c) or en route between storage and the external environmentStructureFigure 1.3 is the simplest possible depiction of a computer. The computerinteracts in some fashion with its external environment. In general, all of its linkages to the external environment can be classified as peripheral devices or communication lines. There are four main structural components (Figure 1.4) key Processing Unit ( central processor) Controls the operation of the computer and p erforms its data processing functions often simple referred to as processorMain shop Stores dataI/O Moves data between the computer and its external environment System interconnection Some mechanism that provides for communication among CPU, main memory, and I/OFIGURE 1.3 THE COMPUTERFIGURE 1.4 THE COMPUTER TOP-LEVEL STRUCTUREThere may be one or more of each of the aforementioned components. Traditionally, there has been just a hit CPU. In recent years, there has been increasing use of multiple processors in a single computer. The most interesting and in some ways the most complex component is the CPU its structure is pictured in Figure 1.5. Its major structural components are Control unit Controls the operation of the CPU and thusly the computer Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) Performs the computers data processing functions Registers Provides storage internal to the CPUCPU interconnection Some mechanism that provides for communication among the control unit, ALU, and registersFI GURE 1.5 THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)Finally, there are several approaches to the implementation of the control unit one common approach is a microprogrammed implementation. In essence, a microprogrammed control unit operates by executing microinstructions that define the functionality of the control unit. The structure of the control unit can be depicted as in Figure 1.6.FIGURE 1.6 THE CONTROL UNITIII.Importance of Computer Organization and ArchitectureThe computer lies at the heart of computing. Without it most of the computingdisciplines like a shot would be a branch of the theoretical mathematics. To be a professional in any field of computing today, one should not regard the computer as just a black box that executes programs by magic. All students of computing should acquire some understanding and appreciation of a computer systems functional components, their characteristics, their performance, and their interactions. There are practical implications as well. Students n eed to understand computer architecture in order to structure a program so that it runs more efficiently on a real machine. In selecting a system to use, they should be able to understand the tradeoff among various components, such as CPU clock speed vs. memory size. Reported by the Joint Task Force on work out Curricula of the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) Computer Society and ACM (Association for Computing Machinery).IV.Computer EvolutionA brief history of computers is interesting and also serves the purpose of providing an overview of computer structure and function. A consideration of the need for balanced utilization of computer resources provides a context that is useful.The First Generation Vacuum TubesENIAC The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer), designed by and constructed under the supervision of John Mauchly and John Presper Eckert at the University of Pennsylvania, was the worlds firstly general-purpose electronic digital co mputer. The project was a response to U.S. wartime needs during World War II. The ground forcess Ballistics question Laboratory (BRL), an agency responsible for developing range and trajectory tables for new weapons, was having difficulty supplying these tables accurately and within a reasonable time frame. Mauchly, a professor of electrical engineering at the University of Pennsylvania, and Eckert, one of his graduate students, proposed to build a general-purpose computer using vacuum tubes for the BRLs application. In 1943, the Army accepted this proposal, and work began on the ENIAC.The resulting machine was enormous, weighing 30 tons, occupying 1500 squre feet of floor space and containing more than 18,000 vacuum tubes. When operating, it consumed 140 kilowatts of big businessman. It was also substantially faster than any electromechanical computer, being capable of 5000 additions per second. The ENIAC was a decimal ratherthan a binary machine. That is, numbers were represent ed in decimal form and arithmetic was performed in the decimal system. Its memory consisted of 20 accumulators, each capable of holding a 10-digit decimal number. A ring of 10 vacuum tubes represented each digit. At any time, only one vacuum tube was in the ON state, representing one of the 10 digits. The major drawback of the ENIAC was that it had to be programmed manually by setting switches and plugging and unplugging cables. The ENIAC was accurate in 1946, too late to be used in the war effort. Instead, its first task was to perform a serial of complex calculations that were used to inspection and repair determine the feasibility of the hydrogen bomb.The use of the ENIAC for a purpose other than that for which it was construct demonstrated its general-purpose nature. The ENIAC continued to operate under BRL management until 1955, when it was disassembled. The von von Neumann Machine The task of entering and altering programs for the ENIAC was extremely tedious. The programm ing process could be facilitated if the program could be represented in a form adapted for storing in memory alongside the data. Then, a computer could get its instructions by reading them from memory, and a program could be set or altered by setting the values of a portion of memory. This idea, known as the stored-program concept, is usually attributed to the ENIAC designers, most notably the mathematician John von Neumann, who was a consultant on the ENIAC project.Alan Turing developed the idea at about the same time. The first publication of the idea was in a 1945 proposal by von Neumann for a new computer, the EDVAC (Electronic decided Variable Automatic Computer). In 1946, von Neumann and his colleagues began the design of a new stored-program computer, referred to as the IAS computer, at the Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies. The IAS computer, although not completed until 1952, is the prototype of all subsequent general-purpose computers. Figure 1.7 shows the general structure of the IAS computer. It consists of A main memory, which stores both data and instructionsAn arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) capable of operating on binary data A control unit, which interprets the instructions in memory and causes them to be executed Input and output (I/O) equipment operated by the control unitFIGURE 1.7 STRUCTURE OF THE IAS COMPUTERCommercial ComputersThe 1950s saw the birth of the computer industry with two companies, Sperry and IBM, dominating the marketplace. UNIVAC I In 1947, Eckert and Mauchly formed the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation to manufacture computers commercially. Their first successful machine was the UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer), which was commissioned by the Bureau of the Census for the 1950 calculations. The Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation became part of the UNIVAC grade of Sperry-Rand Corporation, which went on to build a series of successor machines. The UNIVAC I was the first successful commercial computer. It w as intended, as the name implies, for both scientific and commercial applications. The first paper describing the system listed matrix algebraic computations, statistical problems, premium billings for a life insurance company, and logistical problems as a sample of the tasks it could perform.UNIVAC II The UNIVAC II which had greater memory capacity and higher performance than the UNIVAC I, was delivered in the late 1950s and illustrates several trends that have remained characteristic of the computer industry. First, advances in technology forfeit companies to continue to build larger, more powerful computers. Second, each company tries to make its new machines upward compatible with the older machines. This means that the programs written for the older machines can be executed on the new machine. This strategy is adopted in the hopes of retaining the customer base that is, when a customer decides to buy a newer machine, he or she is likely to get it from the same company to avoid losing the investment in programs.The UNIVAC division also began development of the 1100 series of computers, which was to be its major source of revenue. This series illustrates a distinction that existed at one time. In 1955, IBM, which stands for International Business Machines, introduced the companion 702 product, which had a number of hardware features that suited it to business applications. These were the first of a long series of 700/7000 computers that established IBM as the overwhelmingly dominant computer manufacturer.The Second Generation TransistorsThe first major change in the electronic computer came with the replacement of the vacuum tube by the transistor. The transistor is venialer, cheaper, and dissipates less heat than a vacuum tube but can be used in the same wayas a vacuum tube to construct computers. Unlike the vacuum tube, which requires wires, metal plates, a glass capsule, and a vacuum, the transistor is a substantialness device, made from ti. The tran sistor was invented at Bell Labs in 1947 and by the 1950s had launched an electronic revolution. The National Cash Registers (NCR) and, more successfully, Radio Corporation of the States (RCA) were the front-runners with some small transistor machines.IBM followed shortly with the 7000 series. The second genesis is noteworthy also for the appearance of the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). DEC was founded in 1957 and, in that year, delivered its first computer, the PDP-1 (Programmed Data Processor). This computer and this company began the minicomputer phenomenon that would become so prominent in the third generation. The IBM 7094 From the introduction of the 700 series in 1952 to the introduction of the last member of the 7000 series in 1964, this IBM product line underwent an evolution that is typical of computer products. Successive members of the product line show increased performance, increased capacity, and/or lower cost. skirt 1.1 illustrates this trend.The Third Generat ion Integrated CircuitA single, self-contained transistor is called a discrete component. Throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, electronic equipment was composed largely of discrete componentstransistors, resistors, capacitors, and so on. Discrete components were manufactured separately, packaged in their own containers, and soldered or wired together onto masonite-like circuit boards, which were then installed in computers, oscilloscopes, and other electronic equipment. Early second-generation computer contained about 10,000 transistors. This figure grew to the hundreds of thousands, making the manufacture of newer, more powerful machines increasingly difficult. In 1958 came the achievement that revolutionized electronics and started the era of microelectronics the invention of the merged circuit.Microelectronics Microelectronics means, literally, small electronics. Since the beginnings of digital electronics and the computer industry, there has been a persistent and consistent t rend toward the reduction in size of digital electronic circuits. The basic elements of a digital computer, as we know, must perform storage, movement, processing, and control functions. Only two fundamental types of components are call for gates and memorycells.A gate is a device that implements a simple Boolean or logical function. Such devices are called gates because they control data flow in much the same way that canal gates do. The memory cell is a device that can store one bit of data that is, the device can be in one of two stable states at any time. By interconnecting large numbers of these fundamental devices, we can construct a computer. We can relate this to our four basic functions as followsData storage Provided by memory cells.Data processing Provided by gates.Data movement The classs between components are used to move data from memory to memory and from memory through gates to memory.Control The paths between components can carry control signals. When the control signal is ON, the gate performs its function on the data inputs and produces a data output. Similarly, the memory cell will store the bit that is on its input lead when the WRITE control signal is ON and will place the bit that is in the cell on its output lead when the READ control signal is ON. Thus, a computer consists of gates, memory cells, and interconnections among these elements. The integrated circuit exploits the fact that such components as transistors, resistors, and conductors can be fabricated from a semiconductor such as silicon. It is merely an extension of the solid-state art to fabricate an entire circuit in a critical piece of silicon rather than assemble discrete components made from separate pieces of silicon into the same circuit.Many transistors can be produced at the same time on a single wafer of silicon. Equally important, these transistors can be connected with a process of metallization to form circuits. Figure 1.8 depicts the key concepts in an integra ted circuit. A thin wafer of silicon is divided into a matrix of small areas, each a few millimetres square. The identical circuit pattern is fabricated in each area, and the wafer is broken up into chips. Each chip consists of many gates and/or memory cells plus a number of input and output attachment points. This chip is then packaged in housing that protects it and provides pins for attachment to devices beyond the chip. A number of these packages can then be interconnected on a printed circuit board to produce larger and more complex circuits.As time went on, it became possible to pack more and more components on thesame chip. This growth in density is illustrated in Figure 1.9 it is one of the most remarkable technological trends ever recorded. This figure reflects the famous Moores law, which was propounded by Gordon Moore, cofounder of Intel, in 1965. Moore observed that the number of transistors that could be put on a single chip was doubling every(prenominal) year and corr ectly predicted that this pace would continue into the near future.FIGURE 1.9 GROWTH IN CPU TRANSISTOR COUNTThe consequences of Moores law are healthy1.The cost of a chip has remained virtually unchanged during this period of rapid growth in density. This means that the cost of computer logic and memory circuitry has go at a dramatic rate. 2.Because logic and memory elements are placed closer together on more densely packed chips, the electrical path length is shortened, increasing operating speed. 3.The computer becomes smaller, making it more convenient to place in a variety of environments. 4.There is a reduction in power and cooling requirements.5.The interconnections on the integrated circuit are much more reliable than solder connections. With more circuitry on each chip, there are less interchip connections. IBM System/360 By 1964, IBM had a firm grip on the computer market with its 7000 series of machines. In that year, IBM announced the System/360, a new family of comput er products. Although the announcement itself was no surprise, it contained some unpleasant news for current IBM customers the 360 product line was incompatible with older IBM machines.Thus, the transition to the 360 would be difficult for the current customer base. This was a bold step by IBM, but one IBM felt was necessary to break out of some of the constraints of the 7000 architecture and to produce a system capable of evolving with the new integrated circuit technology. The 360 was the success of the decade and cemented IBM as the overwhelmingly dominant computer vendor, with a market share above 70%. The System/360 was the industrys first planned family of computers. The family covered a wide range of performance and cost. Table 1.2 indicates some of the key characteristics of the various models in 1965.The concept of a family of compatible computers was both novel and extremely successful. The characteristics of a family are as follows Similar or identical instruction set The program that executes on one machine will also execute on any other. Similar or identical operating system The same basic operating system is available for all family members. Increasing speed the rate of instruction execution increases in going from lower to higher family members. Increasing number of I/O ports In going from lower to higher family members. Increasing memory size In going from lower to higher family members. Increasing cost In going from lower to higher family members.DEC PDP-8 Another momentous first shipment occurred PDP-8 from DEC. At a time when the average computer required an air-conditioned room, the PDP-8 (dubbed a minicomputer by the industry) was small enough that it could be placed on top of a lab bench or be built into other equipment. It could not do everything the mainframe could, but at $16,000, it was cheap enough for each lab technician to have one. The low cost and small size of the PDP-8 enabled another manufacturer to purchase a PDP-8 and integr ate it into a total system for resale. These other manufacturers came to be known as original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), and the OEM market became and rest a major segment of the computer marketplace. As DECs official history puts it, the PDP-8 established the concept of minicomputers, leading the way to a multibillion sawhorse industry.Later GenerationsBeyond the third generation there is less general agreement on defining generations of computers. Table 1.3 suggests that there have been a number of later generations, based on advances in integrated circuit technology. GenerationApproximate DatesTechnologyTypical Speed (operations persecond)With the rapid pace of technology, the high rate of introduction of new products and the importance of software and communications as well as hardware, the classification by generation becomes less clear and less meaningful. In this section, we mention two of the most important of these results. Semiconductor Memory The first application of integrated circuit technology to computers was construction of the processor (the control unit and the arithmetic and logic unit) out of integrated circuit chips. But it was also found that this same technology could be used to construct memories. In the 1950s and 1960s, most computer memory was constructed from tiny rings of ferromagnetic material, each about a sixteenth of an inch in diameter. These rings were strung up on grids of fine wires suspended on small screens inside the computer. Magnetized one way, a ring (called a core) represented a one magnetized the other way, it stood for a zero.It was expensive, bulky, and used destructive readout. Then, in 1970, Fairchild produced the first relatively capacious semiconductor memory. This chip, about the size of a single core, could hold 256 bits of memory. It was non-destructive and much faster than core. It took only 70 billionths of a second to read a bit. However, the cost per bit was higher than for that of core. In 1974, a seminal event occurred The price per bit of semiconductor memory dropped to a lower place the price per bit of core memory. Following this, there has been a continuing and rapid decline in memory cost accompanied by a corresponding increase in physical memory density. Since 1970, semiconductor memory has been through 11 generations 1K, 4K, 16K, 64K, 256K, 1M, 4M, 16M, 64M, 256M, and, as of this writing, 1G bits on a single chip.Each generation has provided four times the storage density of the previous generation, accompanied by declining cost per bit and declining access time. Microprocessors Just as the density of elements on memory chips hascontinued to rise, so has the density of elements on processor chips. As time went on, more and more elements were placed on each chip, so that less and fewer chips were needed to construct a single computer processor. A breakthrough was achieved in 1971, when Intel developed its 4004. The 4004 was the first chip to contain all of the com ponents of a CPU on a single chip the microprocessor was born. The 4004 can add two 4-bit numbers and can multiply only be repeated addition. By todays standards, the 4004 is hopelessly primitive, but it marked the beginning of a continuing evolution of microprocessor capability and power.

Abstract of Investment Analysis

Investment Analysis is a classical application in Long-Range Planning. It deals with the investigation of uncertainties, the evaluation of alternatives, the answer to What-if questions. The study of how an enthronement is likely to perform and how suitable it is for a given investor. Investment analysis is key to every sound portfolio-management strategy. Investors not comfortable doing their own investment analysis can seek professional advice from a financial advisor. An analysis of past investment decisions. An investment analysis is a look back at previous investment decisions and the thought process of making the investment decision.Key factors should include entry price, pass judgment time horizon, and reasons for making the decision at the time. For example, in conducting an investment analysis of a mutual fund, the investor would look at factors such as how the fund has performed compared to its benchmark. The investor could as well as compare performed to similar funds, i ts expense ratio, management stability, sector weighting, style and asset allocation. Investment goals should always be considered when analyzing an investment one size does not always fit all, and highest returns regardless of risk are not always the goal.For any beginner investor, investment analysis is essential. Looking back at past decisions and analyzing the mistakes and successes exit help fine-tune strategies. Many investors dont even document why they made an investment let alone analyze why they were wrong or right. You could work a proper decision, extraordinary events could lose you money, and if you didnt analyze it, you would shy away from making the same decision. Finally to conclude I made measurement for adaptation and better solution, which may helps the company performance.

Goals and Expectations

Chapter III Outcome and Evaluation Goals and Expectations A. The goal is that college and professionalfessional person scouts allow for be able to consistently identify physical qualities AND key emotional/ mental skills that jocks need to achieve optimum success on the playing field 75% of the time. Expected Outcomes A. College and pro scouts testament identify key emotional/psychological skills in athletes across versatile sports 75% of the time. 1.Within a three year period from the start of consistent psychological prisement use, college and pro scouts will be proficiently trained on how to utilize psychological assessment tools to select and train athletes. 2. Colleges and pro scouts will recognize the need to analyze and assess athletes psychological skills prior to player selection and as a vital part of ongoing player enhancement programs through various mandated training and education meetings by professionals in the field. 3.Colleges and pro teams will financially sup port psychological interrogation as part of the recruiting and selection of new players and rate of flow players on an annual basis. B. A minimum of three psychological assessment tools and/or new assessment tests that identify psychological skills pertinent to athletic sports will be used by college scouts and faculty (inclusive to riges, athletic directors etc. ) and by pro scouts (team coaches, owners, and other staff) in conjunction with current physical quality testing and observations. 1. 95% of college and pro scouts will use the Competitive StateAnxiety Inventory CSAI-2 test to identify debilitating and facilitating psychological characteristics and the frequency of these characteristics. 2. 95% of college and pro scouts will use the Athletic Motivation Inventory (AMI) to measure the following psychological constructs drive, self-confidence, aggressiveness, coachability, emotional control conscience development, trust, responsibility, leadership and mental toughness. 3. 95% of college and pro scouts will use one or more of the following psychological assessments (or new proven assessments as they become available) a.Test of Attentional Interpersonal behavior (TAIS) a test formulated to predict athletic performance based on the constructs of affiliation and conformity. b. Profile of Mood Sates (POMS) which measures six facets of emotion tension, depression, fatigue, confusion, anger and vigor. c. Dr. Kuchenbeckers study identifying 64 psychological and 64 physical traits needed for optimum athletic performance. C. Athletes will consistently perform better and understand how manage their play based on their physical and psychological skills. 1.In conjunction with scouts, coaches and other personnel/staff, players will receive education about how their personal psychological constructs attain their game by attending at least 30 hours of training by sports psychologists. 2. Athletes will become familiar with key psychological characteristics that in fluence and athletes winning potential as a part of their routine athletic training programs. 3. Athletes will identify their enhancing and limiting psychological characteristics on an annual basis through approved psychological assessment tests and tools, or as otherwise needed, to maximize and stay on top of his/her game.D. Current scouting and coach practices will modify and improve based on current research and literature that points to the high impact psychological qualities have on athletic success. 1. c% of college and pro scouts will use psychological assessments as an integral part of the scouting process. 2. Coaches will become familiar with players superlative physical qualities and psychological qualities and coach players in a way that takes into account twain sets of characteristics.Measurements of Outcomes A. Athletes pre and post performance scores, individual observations and coach/staff evaluations will be compared. B. In team sports, both individual performance scores/observations will also be compared in conjunction with overall team performance and evaluations. C. Wins versus losses. D. Results will be presented in graph and table form. Analysis of Results A. A chi square will be used. B. Interview responses will be evaluated using qualitative methods and a Likert Scale.

Interview analysis Essay

The results of the interviewsThe interviewees adjudge been asked a bunch of questions regarding the ethical issues in the field of la enforcement. Before looking at the results of the interviews, it would be fail to look at the questions first. These questions were as seed withs1. Why are morality and character so important in the field of law enforcement?2. Do you tactile property that police are much than ethical today, or were they more ethical ten years ago?3. Why do police awayiceholders become involved in misconduct?4. Do you feel that there is enough cookery offered in ethics at the police academy level? If not, why is that?5. Should ethics prepare be offered as an on-going work at for law enforcement officers?6. Do you feel that education and/or nurture in ethics would reduce incidents of police corruption?Now the results canful be devoteed here. The answer of each question will be reported separately here.As far as the first question is concerned, both of th e interviewees have uttered great regards for the ethical values associated with their positions. Although the two interviewees belong to two different generations, their perspectives on ethical values in the field of law enforcement are similar. both(prenominal) of them stressed the need of ethics and character in the field of law enforcement.According to the jail super indent he could not have performed his work well in his long career without following ethical norms whereas the junior police officer believes that without giving proper respect to ethics he could not have been trustable to the society. According to both of them immenseness of ethics in the field of law enforcement is broad. As law enforcement practitioners they feel that without obeying ethical norms it is quite awkward to present themselves as the protector of the society.They feel that without having ethical norms to guide their conduct, they would be no better than the bad guys whom they arrest. Society put police on a really high position on accounting dodging of their state to the society. So it is extremely important for these guys to do right functions and in order to do these they need to follow ethical norms. According them, even if their fellow practitioners do not bformer(a) nearly paying reverence to ethics and do not like other to do so, it is very important to do their respective duties in ethical ways.In case of the second question, the jail superintendent finds it very hard to admit a comparison between the present situation and the situation that existed ten years ago. In his twenty five years of career he has seen hemorrhoid of incidences of violation of ethical norms by police officers. He told that corruption in the field of law enforcement is not a new phenomenon. He himself saw a number of cases of violation of ethical norms in past by police. police used to be accused of various crimes even ten years ago.He, besides, feels that around of the departments a re endeavouring to becoming better in enforcing higher ethical exemplifications for the practitioners. According to the jail superintended either department are trying to employ stovepipe officers for representing the respective agencies. He himself put emphasis on examining ethical values of the officers before appointing them in his department. The junior police officer on the other kick in was not at all agree to draw a comparison between the two period as he feel that serving solitary(prenominal)(prenominal) three years in the police force he cant judge the situation that existed ten years ago as he omit proper experience.He, however, feel that at present higher authorities are paying great solicitude to ethical values of police, they are trying to sustain ethical norms. He even cited an example of suspension of three junior police officers, one senior police officer and five constables on account of violation of ethical norms in last three years. He feel that today, m ay be in fear of suspension, police officers are trying to respect the ethical codes of their respective positions. Although exceptions are there, he finds most of his fellow police officers obeying ethical norms.As far as the third question is concerned, both of them feel that it is not right to accuse wide-cut police department of involving in misconduct. They feel if the entire system got corrupted, then it would not be possible for whatever(prenominal) government to maintain peace in the society. According to them, the situation have not deteriorated to such an extent that an emergency can be called upon. It simply tells the particular that there still exists good officers who are well aware of their responsibilities and perform their duties with great care.They however, did not forget to express their concern over the presence of well-nigh bad apples in the basket. Both of them are of the opinion that through the loopholes if the system some bad people enter into the syst em and do bad provide by taking advantage of their positions. These people have a tendency to develop a perception about themselves that they are above law and can do whatever they want to. The jail superintend as well as the junior police officer are of the opinion that the bad activities of these a couple of(prenominal) people spoil the cast of the entire system.They also feel that involvement of these bad people in undesired activities sometimes provokes others to involve in these acts as temptation is huge there. However, they feel that it is not right to accuse entire department of involving in misconduct. As for the forth question, the jail superintendent is of the opinion that the provision system is enough for grounding ethical values among the officers. He verbalise that the training system has been designed at a gross level.He said that the training system can not be made individual specific as it would bring huge complexities. In general the training system is well d esigned to guide a police officer in right direction. But he feel that ultimately the issue boils down to the item that how an individual officer will utilize his training and follow the rules and regulations and become an example of an excellent officer. He thinks that no extra training can channelise a person who have a mentality to do his own staff and entered into the system only to take bad advantages of his position.The junior officer however differs to some extent from the point of view of the jail superintendent. This junior officer feels the training system is good but it can be made better as there exists wide scope for the betterment of the existing training system. He feels that a general level of time sometimes is not appropriate, in particular when people from diverse culture and background join the force. Some people inherits personality traits like greed, stubbornness in negative way, aggression, etc. hich are heart-to-heart enough of diverting their focus from t heir responsibilities. The training system should have a method of finding out people with these personality traits and offering them special training in order to ensure that their focus will be kept only on their assigned responsibilities. Thus according the junior police officer theb training system should be modified by some extent. As far as the fifth question is concerned, both of the interviewees feel that ethical training should be made an ongoing process for the law enforcement officers.The jail superintendent said that at the beginning of his career the training was used to be offered only at the time of entering into the police force. Although sometimes some special training used to be offered, it was not made a ongoing process as a result of which many officers were found to have forgotten their actual duties. A police officers social responsibility is huge than a mere service man or an ordinary citizen. A process of updates of ethics training is essential at regular inte rval to bear on them reminding of their duties and how to conduct themselves while performing their duties other wise they would fall apart.The junior police officer also feels that it is very important to remind constantly every officer of their responsibilities and the way of conducting their duties otherwise there exists a huge probability of forgetting the purpose of their service. Thus h also stressed on making ethics training a ongoing process for the law enforcement officers. As for the sixth question, both of the interviewees here feel that education and ethics training can escape a great role in reducing the incidents of police corruption.Proper education and ethics training can grow among the officers a feeling of responsibility towards the society and to their respective departments. They are of the opinion that proper training and education can make the officers understand that their misconduct not only ruin their image but also the image of their departments as well a s of their families and thus law enforcement officers can become more cautious while performing their duties and try to refrain from engaging any king of misconduct. Analysis of the results of the interviewsThe results of the two interviews show that the law enforcement practitioners are quite sensible and possess adequate knowledge about the current situation. In spite of being a part of the law enforcement system they did not hesitate to point out its loopholes. An interesting thing has come out by analyzing the perspectives of these law enforcement officers. Looking at their answers it seems that sometimes media exaggerate the incidents and blame the entire system for the misconduct of one individual.Of course there are many examples where police officers have been accused of violating ethical norms, like misbehaving with people, involving in sexual crimes, involving in corruption like taking bribes, paying least attention to the suffering of the masses, focusing on their own per sonal assoils and so on. Both of the interviews have admitted these facts, but they do not feel it right to accuse the entire system of these misconducts.Looking at these examples, they have also stressed on the importance of ethics training in the criminal justice system. Looking at their answers it seems that continuous ethical training is the only ways of reducing these sorts of misconducts. Although, they do not possess any clear idea about whether police were more ethical ten years ago than now, they have accepted that violations of ethical norms were quite prevalent in past too and thus it is not a new phenomenon.In essence the interviewees put stress on the importance of ethics in the field of law enforcement field and point out the importance of ethical training and education as a significant tool of reducing misconduct and corruption by police officers as ethical training and education can act as moral booster and make officers aware of their responsibilities. Conclusion T he interviewees seem to be quite right in their answer. In spite of being a part of the law enforcement system they did not try to cover up its shortcomings.The actual scenario seems to be quite similar to what the interviewees have pointed out. As the two interviewees pointed out, the importance of ethics in the field of law enforcement is huge. The issue of ethics is not new in the field of law enforcement, in fact the topic of ethical behavior have been in this field for centuries. With time concerns over ethical issues have become more and more difficult to address. In todays society ethical standards have taken a very complex shape.Not only that, but ethical standard of law enforcement officers are also being continuously scrutinized by the public. Therefore, law enforcement officers should carry their tasks following ethical codes. Law enforcement personnel are set at a high position by the society, and hence it is the duty of these officers to perform their job in an efficien t and professional way. They are not allowed to express any personal views or emotions while performing their duties.To accomplish this, they are required to adhere to the codes of ethics and conduct. Ethical standard of law enforcement officers requires them to do right thing in the right way at the right time for appropriate causes. Keeping the essence of ethical standard in mind, the International Association of Chiefs of Police set up a code of ethics (Grant, 2002, p. 1). This code of ethics has to be followed by every member of this association. This ethical code dictates how the officers would conduct their jobs. good deal have established a set of social norms and values that they want all law enforcement personnel to practice. In order to follow these norms and values and to gain respect from public, it is necessary for law enforcement officers to behave in ethical way and conduct themselves accordingly not only on duty, but also off duty. This ethical code accompanied by pr oper ethics training encourages officers in the field of law enforcement to become a part of an ethical profession. (Grant, 2002, pp. 1-2).

Child Responsibilities Essay

M any(prenominal) parents may be truly strict on their kids when it comes to doing things like contend with fire, using power tools, having a job, or even owning a pocket knife, but I on the other hand, disagree. Although I understand that its very dangerous for kids to be handling such things, it also builds their character. You wouldnt just allow any kid to be in charge of such thing, they moldiness have maturity and responsibility up to a certain point to be able to be trusted in these situations. A speech call 5 Dangerous Things you should let your kid do by Gever Tulley on TED.com talks about kids who are allowed and even encouraged to do things most parents would neer dare to let their kids be involved in. Tulley discusses how kids who participate in these activities build strong character. Its good for kids to be in these kinds of environments as long as they already have responsibility up to a certain level. An issue similar to this that is thrown around in politic and ec onomic discussions now days is child labor.Should we allow kids to have jobs? Should families who are economically struggling allow their kids to work in order to bring in enough food and necessities to the family? I dont see a problem in child labor. Like Tulley, I agree with these ideas and think they build better personalities and make a child more understanding. Although, I do not think that a family should be able to force a kid to work, its also valuable to a kids childhood that they get a chance to be a kid, and not have to worry about work. The earlier a person starts working, the bigger chance they have to be successful in life.I can understand why some parents wouldnt be willing to let their kids be in such environments, these environments can be very unsafe sometimes. A kid could have the possibility of miscue a finger off, or doing something that they would have to live with for the rest of their lives, but with adult supervision this is less probably to happen. Alth ough UNICEF has stated that children are more likely to get hurt then adults because they have yet to learn what not to do, we have to understand that getting hurt can happen in any activity that a person participates in, thats just part of life.

Requirements for Research Essay

AbstractThis study entitled Orange (Citrus Sinensis) Peelings quote as an Alternative shoe Polish aims to aims to determine if orange peeling anoint extract be a good alternative for shoe labialise specifically to answer the following questions (1) What specific properties of the shoe polish produced are present/ identified? (2) What are the physical properties of the orange peeling extract shoe polish as to texture, color, and odor? (3) Is there significant difference/s between the orange peeling extract and coconut oil shoe polish with that of the other commercially sold shoe polish in terms of polish-ness, odor, and texture? The researcher then conducted a series of experiments to test the project. These processes are the extraction of oil from the orange peelings that would be then mixed with the coconut oil produced (cooked) from the coconut plant and the testing and comparing of the alternative shoe polish made with that of the commercially sold shoe polish.The test was con ducted with the use of leather shoes as the test object. The results showed that the alternative shoe polish produced has almost the same qualities as to that of the commercially sold shoe polish in terms of its physical properties. The produced shoe polish made the shoes shine a little bit and produced a nice odor considering the natural scent of the orange oil which is added to the mixture. The researcher recommendstrying testing different ratios of each and seeing in what trial it produced the scoop shoe polish. Further reading about the project is also recommended to widen the scope of study and to produce an alternative shoe polish that would be of aid in aiming for the alternative shoe polish with the nearest qualities with that of commercial shoe polish.AcknowledgementThe researcher wish to extend her sincerest appreciation to the following people who helped attain this research. They are the ones who helped and supported me in performing this research. First to our Projec t Adviser and Research Teacher, Maam Juliet Ilustre-Herreria for continuously guiding and helping me throughout the making of my investigatory project asked some tricky questions and suggested some opinions that eventually helped a lot in making the project. Next, to my cousin, Sherwin Keith Saringan for helping me choose what project to make and plentiful some information that could be of great help. To my parents, Mr. and Mrs.Balcorta for me giving support and supplying the materials that would be needed for this project to be completed. To my classmates and friends for giving encouragement whenever I leave out hope and most of all to the Lord, up above, for answering my prayers and continuously guiding me in doing this research. Without these people around me, my investigatory project entitled, Orange (Citrus sinensis) Peeling Extract as an Alternative Shoe Polish, wont be finished.

Does Cerumen have a risk for transmission of diseases? Essay

I learned in the A & P course that ear wax (or earwax) is a waxy secretion by ceruminous gland (= modified sebaceous gland), mixed with sloughed epithelial cells, which inhibits the growth of certain bacteria due to its acidic pH. It also protects the skin of the external auditory groove by providing a waterproof layer, so, its something beneficial to us.Sure enough, there appear to be a number of articles written to support this Bactericidal performance of cerumen, Chai & Chai (ref 1), Bactericidal activity of wet cerumen, Stone & Fulghun (ref 2), etc. (though this concept is refuted by a later study (ref 3))On the other hand, I could bump hardly very few articles that discuss the role that ear wax plays in disease transmission or as a portal of go for pathogens. I started with an article by Kemp & Bankaitis (ref 4), in which it is stated that cerumen is not considered an infectious agent until it becomes contaminated with blood or mucus, and it can even be placed in the regul ar trash unless significant amount of blood or mucous is present.So, it appears the danger is not in cerumen itself but in blood/mucous contaminant. CDC lists Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, HIV and Viral Hemorrhagic Fever(VHF) as infectious diseases by bloodborne pathogens (ref 5).On the topic of cerumen itself transmitting bloodborne viruses, I could find only two articles, both by the same group of researchers, Beyindir, Kalcioglu et al. First article is on the study of possible transmission of Hepatitis B (ref 6), in which the authors conclude that cerumen can be a potential reference of transmission and further investigation for horizontal, nosocomial, and occupational transmission is necessary. The second article is on Hepatitis C, and it concludes that cerumen has no risk, even in patients with high HCV RNA serum levels. I could not find any articles to confirm/deny cerumen as a source of transmission for HIV or VHF.I think our text book lists ear wax as a portal of exit for patho gens, because of more than stripped-down potential risk of contamination by blood, during treatment of otitis, removal of impacted ear wax etc. performed by otolaryngologists/audiologists on a regular basis.Referrences1 Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 1980 Oct18(4) 638-412 The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology, 1984 Mar-Apr93(2 Pt 1) 183-63 Influence of human wet cerumen on the growth of common and pathogenic bacteria of the ear, Campos, Betancor, et al., The Journal of laryngology and otology, 2000 declivity114(12) 925-94 Infection Control in Audiology, http//web.clas.ufl.edu/users/sgriff/infectioncontrol.pdf5 http//www.cdc.gov/ncidod/hip/Blood/blood.htm6 Does cerumen have a risk for transmission of hepatitis B?, The Laryngoscope, 2004 Mar114(3) 577-807 Detection of HCV-RNA in cerumen of chronically HCV-infected patients, The Laryngoscope, 2005 Mar115(3) 508-11

Home Burial

Humankind erects and maintains current and symbolic barriers to protect and defend opposing stances, beliefs and territories. The resulting privation of communication reinforces those barriers, often to detrimental effects. discourse in relation to at least two of Robert frostings poems. Much of Frosts poetry includes the discussion of, and indeed reasoning behind varying types of barriers within diverse situations many of which he himself experienced throughout his life. furbish up Wall, one of Frosts most anthologised poems, is a primary example of twain(prenominal) tangible and emotional barriers being used in his attempts to explore the diversity in the relationships between both universe and genius, and tender beings themselves the question Are surrounds and fences instrumental in the retention and renewal of human relationships? , being the effort force behind this theme of work.Although the teller describes his neighbour as an old stone age frustratehe moves in darkness as it seems to me, it must be noned that it is in event the narrator who initiates the mending of the bulwark, perplexing the reader as it appears that tradition and indeed the wall itself is of no importance to him. Harold apex states that Frost identifies a deep human resistance to stockal principles, more(prenominal) generally, reluctance to erect obstacles to freedom, and a desire to see barriers break down. The neighbour who lives by the saying good fences influence good neighbours, resembles an obstructionist, a Luddite, who can only recite his fathers bromide to justify his yearly task of rebuilding the wall. The wording of the starting time lines of Mending Wall, also introduce something somewhat supernatural to its meaning. Something there is that doesnt love a wall, does not define what it actually is which destroys the wall.Frost of course knows that it is the elements which are responsible, but as critic candid Lentricchia comments His fun lies in not naming it, and in not naming the scientific truth he is competent to manipulate intransigent fact into the world of the mind where all things are pliable. The artful vagueness of the serve phrase Something there is is enchanting and magical, suggesting even the bushed tones of reverence before mystery in nature.And the loudspeaker who is not at all reverent toward nature, consciously works at deepening that sense of mystery, therefrom the supernatural or Godly force that does not approve of the wall being up, and desires that there be no man-make barriers placed between human beings is left paramount in the mind of the reader. We contrive to use a spell to make them balance, reinforces the magical element of the poem, with the ambiguity, and significance of line 4 And makes gaps even two can pass abreast, heightening its enigmatic and surreptitious elements.Frost emphasises the fact that the gaps in the wall were made large enough for two humans to pass side by side through i t, causing the reader and indeed himself to question if man is perhaps going against the wishes of nature itself in erecting these barriers, the destructive side of nature and the effect of the changing of the seasons being a recur theme throughout the works of Frost. For him nature was not just a background for poetry, but alternatively a central character in his works.In Mending Wall, Frost also accentuates the human need to have different species or types of people separated his reference to the differing types of trees is a metaphorical, representing the way in which man feels the need to separate one type of person from another by way of both physical and unseen barriers as much of Frosts life was spent during times of expectant class struggle and the oppression of African American citizens, the barriers he witnessed between these people and his own influenced and made greater his wish to destroy the lack of communication between all human beings, both those from differing b ackgrounds and, as can be seen between the husband and wife in infrastructure Burial, those who share a noticeable bond. Here, Frost reinforces the difficulties which people face in achieving effective communication, where he presents it as the only possible miss from isolation and despair.His own experiences with the loss of children are explored within this emotionally charged and demonstrative piece of poetry with prominence being given to how communication between two people can do overcome anything which life may hand them, and how a lack of communication causes the barriers between the two to stick even greater. Home Burial describes not only the death of a child, but the aftermath which follows the marital partnership dissolving both mentally and physically, as neither husband or wife feels able to confide in the other regarding the immense grief and sense of loss which they are feeling this lack of communication is what ultimately destroys their marriage.Both Mending W all and Home Burial are prime examples of how Frost viewed and experienced barriers in his own personal life, although hey are poles apart Home Burial being darker and more emotionally personal to Frost than Mending Wall, which seems lighter, with an almost playful and explorative element. Mending Wall is indite as a lengthy one stanza poem in a narrative style, which seeks to reinforce the light nature of the piece. The poem is not broken into stanzas, which makes it look visually like a rock wall turned on its sidethe gaps in the wall when we look at the way that the line endings form an imperfect line all the way down the page. The language and setting which Frost has employed for Mending Wall intends for the reader to focus on the wall and the men mending it.The landscape is not described, the bark dogs of the hunters have long gone, and there remains only the pine and apple trees, and the wall dividing them. The poetic techniques of imagery, where the speaker tells his neig hbour and irony, serve as symbolic representations of barriers, albeit through a cheerful tone simultaneously play up the serious meaning within the poem. The wall is the most dominant piece of irony used throughout it not only separates the speaker from his neighbour, but it also brings them together every year. Line 14 We set the wall between us once again. We keep the wall between us as we go, suggests that they are content in working together to repair the wall on the condition that they both mend their own side.The use of these techniques together with the repetitions of the lines Something there is that doesnt love a wall, and Good fences make good neighbors, emphasise the theme of a two sided argument, as does line 23 at the circumstantial centre of the poem. There where it is we do not need the wall, is the first intimation that the speaker does not feel a need for the wall. This line divides the poem in two, with the first 22 lines being the real events surrounding the mending of the wall, and the last 22 lines being the argument for and against the presence of it. The style in which Home Burial is written in is opposing in every way, with the choice of language and delivery endowment it greater importance and weight within the works of Frost.It is notable that only one word in Mending Wall is more than two syllables long. The language of Home Burial is direct and to the point a dramatic narrative, written in informal blank verse which empowers and brings to life the characters within it. The position of the equalize in the first stanza, and indeed throughout must be noted the wife at the pass on of the stairs, and the husband at the foot of the stairs looking up at her the sense of separation and thirstiness for solace which she feels being reiterated by Frosts choice of language in his description of her husband and indeed his movements. go towards her, Mounting until she cowered under him, You make me angry, Ill come down to you

Current Media: Nurses Portrayed as Non-Critical Thinkers Essay

IntroductionIn this paper, the mislead role created by media tells the public she-goats fol number 1 doctors orders and argon incapable of making their own judgments bequeath be explored. The carry on of this image on the nurse as an individual and on the c ar for craft go out be shown and ways to improve the image of nursing exit be discussed.EvidencePresent media, portrays the nursing field as an aid to physicians in the hospitals giving little credit to what nurses do in their professing. The media has pushed deflection nurses and have made a high image for doctors and physicians. Television shows generally depict doctors as the signalize clinicians, putting nurses in the background doing the unimportant tasks (Mee, 2010). Therefore nurses ar seen having a minimal role in the health perplexity system.The idea that nurses simply follow doctors orders is a toughened stereotypical theme that has many an(prenominal) people deceived. Nurses are non thought to be fences itter, making critical decisions for the patient. Instead, nurses are thought to barely care for the patient while the doctor is gone. According to the American society of registered nurses, The public perceive a nurse as just someone who assists the doctor during and after treatment of the illness assisting the patient in keeping up is personal hygiene, giving the medications as prescribed by the doctor, dressing the wounds when there is a neediness ensuring welfare of the patient (American confederation of Registered Nurses, 2007. para 1).This is a harmful image that creates a low expectation of what nurses are capable of. Therefore, nurses are endanger of non being taken seriously by patient families when their advise is given for a patient. People may emergency to speak to the doctor or so patients health instead, even though the nurse is the one who sees the patient daily for long periods of time.The idea that a nurses role is easy, and simplistic is also shown in media as the nurses job is not well represented. According to the Ontario Nurses Association, Physicians are shown spending half their time conduction key care tasks that nurses actually perform while nurses, as their peripheral subordinates, stare at them with adoration and admiration (Ontario Nurses Association, 2008. p.1). The general public is not well better on the nurses role and do not realize the work nor effort nurses put into their career by education and dedicated work.The negative notions about nursing with television and other types of media need to be seriously exposed as they harm and form lies about nurses. Currently, these images reinforce the farce that nurses are not critical thinkers and are dependent on physicians for every direction that nursing is not a profession unto itself but that nurses are medical aids (Ontario Nurses Association, 2008, p.1).DiscussionThe idea that nurses are not critical thinkers nor independent is damaging to the face of the nursing caree r. This train of thought causes people to underestimate the capabilities of nurses across Canada. The idea that we single follow doctors orders causes people to over life what we do, labeling our work as unimportant. This attitude causes less funding into the nursing profession which leads to nursing shortages, creating over worked nurses and clinical error.As well as creating more(prenominal) break up time jobs instead of salutary time, leaving many nurses no choice but to work more then one job.When a negative image is very dominant in Canadian culture, nurses in the working profession kickoff to believe the lies about themselves, making nurses quiet and not speaking out against the image. The lack of credit nurses find for what they do can lead to them thinking their job is insignificant. likewise, media is a main way that the young Canadian generations are being educated. By them learning wrong messages about nursing can create them to not wanting to pursue nursing as a career. This leads to less resentmentate nurses coming into the field who are unprepared for what they are signed up for.As a future nurse, the publics put one across of me is important. I want them to see me as a professional leader in the health care system. The idea that nurses are not critical thinkers and are depending on doctors for advise and orders counter acts the real job description is of me as a nurse. The negative assumptions about nursing can effect the way patients perceive me before having our outgrowth encounter. A patients doubts of my abilities a a nurse can make our interactions difficult at first if they look down on me.A patient support group is key to the patients recovery. Having family members doubting the capabilities of nurses can gimmick the patient and family from asking me questions regarding the overall health of the patient. When people expect me to just listen to the physician, not realizing that I make critical choices everyday, makes the patie nts take me for granted thinking that I am only a nurse. These thoughts will make my job more difficult as I will have to break through the wall of negative assumptions to allow patients , family and physicians see how independent, capable and professional I am as a nurse.To break down these negative images of nursing as a profession, nurses across Canada can use the media to their receipts by educating and showing people the full spectrum of nursing, allowing the public to understand that nurses make up a declamatory portion of the health care system and are vital to each patients health and wellness. By educating the younger generations of Canada, nurses will be able to inspire and help people get passionate about nursing. This passion will bring more people into the workforce who are ready, excited and prepared for a honour career and will be able to shift the negative attitude towards the profession (Ontario Nurses Association, 2008).Each nurse in Canada should work hard and act professional to do their part in promoting a unequivocal image that will reflect all canadian nurses as a whole. Having proactive nursing conferences across canada would help raise awareness of negative nursing images so that all nurses can be join and working towards the common goal of creating a more professional image of nursing in the eyeball of the public. Currently, many nurses are being proactive by being integrated into the policy development on the healthcare and government level ( Ontario Nurses Association, 2008). The image of nursing must be changed, but all nurses need to come together as a team doing their part and taking pride in their individuality as nurses.As a nurse, I will rise higher then the image of not being a critical thinker and only following doctors orders by ever so seeking more education so that I can be prepared for situations that I come across. I will stay current with health issues and events that occur around me both on a local and globa l level. I will always strive to be a leader in the health care system by taking pride when fulfilling my role as professional nurse. When patients or people in the community ask me about my career, I will make sure that I am always prepared by knowing in my heart the reason for my career choice, the importance of my profession and the impact it makes in the health care system, allowing the public to get the right perspective of me as a nurse.Also I will always think critically of any situation I am go about with, allowing the patient to receive the best and most professional care. Currently, I am going to do my part as a nursing student to strive for excellence while I have the probability of learning so much about my future career choice which will allow me to be confident in the skills I will acquire and have the joy in knowing that what I do will have an impact on many peoples lives.ConclusionIn conclusion, the negative image of nurses being dependent on doctors and not thinki ng for themselves hurts nurses across Canada. To stop this negative image from taking over the nursing profession, nurses must unite together and strive to be positive leaders, creating a strong and professional image for nursing.ReferencesAmerican Society of Registered Nurses. ( 2007, December 1). The Real PublicPerception of Nurses. American Society of Registered Nurses Journal ofNursing. Retrieved fromhttp//www.asrn.org/journal-nursing/249-the-real-public-perception-of-nurses.html Bard, R. (2012, January). Embracing Social Media. Canadian Nurse Canadian Nurses Association. Retrieved from http//www.canadian-nurse.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=587%3Aembracing-social-media&catid=23%3Aceo-outlook&Itemid=31&lang=en Canadian Nurses Association. (2011, March). Nurses In The Media And The Winner Is. Canadian Nurse Canadian Nurses Association. Retrieved fromhttp//www.canadian-nurse.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=401%3Anurses-in-the-media-and-the- winne rs-are&catid=4%3Aperspectives&Itemid=39&lang=en Krischke, M. (2007). Beyond TV Stereotypes Students Can Shape Nursings Image. NurseZone. Retrieved from http//nursezone.com/recent-graduates/recent-graduates-featured-articles/Beyond-TV-Stereotypes-Students-Can-Shape-Nursing%E2%80%99s-Image_20072.aspx Mee, C. ( 2010, January 6) . Nursings Image In The Media Just in Jest. EvolveLearning System. Retrieved fromhttps//evolve.elsevier.com/cs/Satellite/ term/Nursings+Image+in+the+Media +Just+In+Jestcid=700000000611524&Audience=Faculty Ontario Nurses Association. ( 2008, September). Position Paper The Image of Nurses. Ontario Nurses Association. Retrieved fromhttp//www.ona.org/documents/ cross-file/pdf/PositionPaperImageofNurses.pdf

Alternative Fuels for Automobiles

Alternative burn down, in each case known as non- customary provokes, is any(prenominal) material or nerve centre that quarter be white plagued as a furnish, other than fossil fuels. Alternative fuels, as delimitate by the slide fastener Policy Act of 1992 (EPAct), include ethyl alcohol, born(p) ordnance, propane, atomic number 1, bio diesel engine engine motor, galvanicity, methanol, and p-series fuels. Using these alternate fuels in fomites cornerstone generall(a)y reduce harmful pollutants and exhaust emissions.Alternative fuels atomic number 18 designed to be cheap, non-polluting, infinite sources of zip fastener. No such fuels shortly exist globally, or they would by now be rapidly replacing current fossil fuels. In the year 2000, there were about eight trillion vehicles around the world that ran on alternative fuels. A primary concern is that the fact that the habit of conventional fuels directly contributes to the global warming crisis.A nonher concern is the business of peak oil, which predicts a rising cost of oil derived fuels ca utilise by severe shortages of oil during an era of ripening heartiness consumption. According to the peak oil phenomenon, the demand for oil bequeath exceed supply and this gap bequeath continue to grow, which could ca utilise a growing energy crisis by the year 2010 or 2020. Most of the evoke in alternative fuels has focused on transportation vehicles, since this application represents 70% of petroleum consumption.The President also proposes accele dimensionn of the breeding of domestic, renewable alternatives to gasconadeoline and diesel fuels through $150 million for the Biofuels Initiativea $59 million increase over FY 2006to help develop bio-based transportation fuels such as cellulosic ethanol from agricultural waste products, such as wood chips, stalks, or switch grass $31 million to speed the development of advanced battery technology to extend the endure of crossbreeding vehicles a nd make practicable plug-in hybrids and electric carsa 27 percent increase over FY 2006 and $289 million for the Presidents enthalpy supply Initiative.President Bush outlined the Advanced Energy Initiative (AEI) in pursuit of a field of study goal of replacing much than 75 percent of U. S. oil imports from the Middle East by 2025. Since 2001, intimately $10 billion has been invested by the Federal government to develop pristine, cheaper and more reliable alternative energy sources. 1. ETHANOL Ethanol prat run at a much higher compression ratio without octane-boosting analogues. It burns more completely because ethanol molecules contain atomic number 8 carbon monoxide emissions can be 80-90% subvert than for fossil-fuelled engines.(Hua Lu Karlsson. 2006). However, ethanol is degrading to nigh plastic or rubber split of fuel rake systems designed to use petrol, and has 37% little energy per litre than petrol . There has been a new-fashioned revival in interest in the us e of ethanol-diesel fuel conk outs(E-diesel) in heavy-duty vehicles as a means to reduce petroleum dependency, increase renewable fuels use, and reduce vehicle emissions. The major concern with the use of E-diesel derives from its flammability characteristics.E-diesel blends containing 10% to 15% ethanol have the vaporization pressure and flammability limits of ethanol. This means that ethanol concentrations in enclose spaces such as fuel retentiveness and vehicle fuel tanks argon flammable over the temperature range of 13 to 42C, typical ambient temperatures. Thus, there argon change magnitude risks of fire and explosion compared to diesel fuel, or even gasoline. Other vehicle performance-related concerns have also been raised.These include decreased maximum power, increased incidence of fuel pump vapor lock, and reduced fuel pump and fuel injector life receivable to the decreased lubricity of ethanol. Ethanol can be blended directly in petrol, up to a change integrity of 20 %, without engine modifications, though engines would need to be modified for higher blends. Ethanol blended diesel fuels (10 to 15% ethanol) require emulsifiers and solubilisers, depending on the ethanol quality. For use of pure ethanol in diesel engines an additive (ignition improver) is needed for cold start and idling. Fuel pump adaptations may also be necessary.Barriers to the use of ethanol in diesel fuel include limited miscibility at lower temperatures and need for minor variations in fuel delivery systems to account for the different physical properties of ethanol as compared to diesel. ( K. R. Gerdes and G. J. Suppe , 2001). An increase in fuel consumption approximately equivalent to the reduction in energy content of the fuel can be expected when using ethanol-diesel blends. With ethanol percentages of 10%or slight, operators have reported no noticeable differences in performance compared to running on diesel fuel. ( Hansen et al.,2001). The use of E diesel is the affect of the ethanol on the lubricating properties of the fuel and the potential for fuel system wear. Additive packages that are used to formulate E diesel fuels can improve fuel lubricity and prevent abnormal fuel system wear. E 85 The heavy promoted alcohol fuel called E85 might cut Americas oil use and help support U. S. agriculture, but its not reducing motorists fuel bills. E85 is a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% leadless gasoline for use in flexible fuel vehicles (FFVs). E85 is classified as an alternative fuel by the U.S. Department of Energy. A flexible fuel vehicle (FFV) is a vehicle that can operate on any blend of ethanol up to 85%. If E85 is not available, the vehicle can operate on straight unleaded gasoline or any percentage of ethanol up to 85%. It has the highest oxygen content of any fuel available today, allowing it to burn more completely ( cleanly) than conventional gasoline. E85 contains 80% less gum-forming compounds, like the olefins engraft in gasoline. Productio n and use of E85 results in a nearly 30% reduction in glasshouse gas emissions. 2.METHANOL Methanol, also known as wood alcohol, can be used as an alternative fuel in flexible fuel vehicles that run on M85 (a blend of 85% methanol and 15% gasoline). However, it is not commonly used because automakers are no longer supplying methanol-powered vehicles. Methanol is even more corrosive and its energy per liter is 55% lower than that of petrol. Methanol can be used in internal flame engines with minor modifications. It usually is made from natural gas, sometimes from coal, and could be made from any carbon source including CO2.The ability to produce methanol from non-petroleum feedstocks such as coal or biomass is of interest for reducing petroleum imports. Methanol can be used to make methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE), an air which is blended with gasoline to enhance octane and create cleaner burning fuel. MTBE production and use has declined because it has been found to defile gro und water. Methanol produces a high amount of formaldehyde in emissions. In the future, methanol could mayhap be the fuel of choice for providing the henry necessary to power fuel cell vehicles.3. PROPANE (LPG) Propane or liquid petroleum gas (LPG) is also fast becoming a popular alternative fuel. It is a by-product of natural gas processing and crude oil refining. Propanol and butanol are considerably less toxic and less volatile than methanol. In particular, butanol has a high flashpoint of 35 C, which is a benefit for fire safety. The fermentation processes to produce propanol and butanol from cellulose are fairly tricky to execute, and the Weizmann beingness (Clostridium acetobutylicum) currently used to perform these conversions.Propane vehicles can produce fewer ozone-forming emissions than vehicles powered by reformulated gasoline. There is 98% reduction in the emissions of toxics, including benzene, 1,3 butadiene, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde, when the vehicles were run ning on propane rather than gasoline. The cost of a gasoline-gallon equivalent of propane is generally less than that of gasoline, so driving a propane vehicle can save money. In addition, propane is the most accessible of all alternative fuels. 4. NATUAL GAS (CNG/LNG)Natural gas in the form of compressed natural gas (CNG) or liquefy natural gas (LNG) is fast becoming one of the most popular alternative fuels. Natural gas contains hydrocarbons such as ethane and propane and other gases such as nitrogen, helium, carbon dioxide, enthalpy sulfide, and water vapor and is produced either from gas wells or in conjunction with crude oil production. Natural gas pollutes much less than gasoline and very little has to be done to modify an internal conflagration engine. It is also clean burning and produces significantly fewer harmful emissions than reformulated gasoline or diesel when used in natural gas vehicles.Smog-producing gases, such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides, are reduced by more than 90% and 60%, respectively and carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, is reduced by 30%-40%. Natural gas can either be stored onboard a vehicle as compressed natural gas (CNG) at 3,000 or 3,600 psi or as liquified natural gas (LNG) at typically 20-150 psi. Natural gas can also be blended with hydrogen. 5. HYDROGEN Hydrogen (H2) will play an important role in developing sustainable transportation, because in the future it may be produced in virtually unlimited quantities using renewable resources.Hydrogen has been used effectively in a physique of internal combustion engine vehicles as pure hydrogen mixed with natural gas. In addition, hydrogen is used in a growing number of demonstration fuel cell vehicles. Hydrogen and oxygen from air fed into a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell stack produce comme il faut electricity to power an electric automobile, without producing harmful emissions. Fuel cells generate electricity by electrochemically combining hydrogen and o xygen. On a life-cycle basis, they produce zero or very low emissions, depending on the source of the hydrogen.Fuel cells are highly efficient energy-conversion devices that utilize hydrogen. But there are still many barriers to their use in vehicles, including the lack of a hydrogen distribution infrastructure, high capital costs for fuel cells and hydrogen-production technologies, and challenges related to hydrogen storage. The main difference is that batteries store electrical energy, while fuel cells generate electricity continuously as long as an external fuel source is supplied. That means their performance is not hindered by lengthy, awkward recharging times.If pure hydrogen is used as the fuel source, the only products are electricity, heat and water. The steadfast oxide fuel cell is able to directly utilize commonly available fuels such as natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, diesel and biogas. When operating on natural gas, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are reduced by up to 60 percent compared with conventional electricity generation, with practically no emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulphur oxides (SOx). Many scientists hope that pure hydrogen, the most common element on earth, is destined to be the vehicle fuel of the future.Hydrogen can be extracted from thousands of compounds, including natural gas, water, sugar and many petroleum products. The extraction of hydrogen requires energy, making hydrogen an energy carrier rather than an energy source. In transportation, and for many other applications, fuel cell technology is hatchway new doors of opportunity for hydrogen. Governments and industry around the world, are investing heavily in research and development into hydrogen fuel cells. 6. BIODIESEL Pure biodiesel is considered an alternative fuel under EPAct.Biodiesel (fatty acid alkyl esters) is a cleaner burning diesel replacement fuel that can be manufactured from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant greases. Biodi esel is safe, biodegradable, and using in a conventional diesel engine substantially reduces emissions of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, converts, polycyclic evocative hydrocarbons, nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and particulate matter. These reductions increase as the amount of biodiesel blended into diesel fuel increases.The use of biodiesel decreases the solid carbon carve up of particulate matter (since the oxygen in biodiesel enables more complete combustion to CO2) and reduces the sulfate fraction (biodiesel contains less than 15 ppm sulfur), while the soluble, or hydrocarbon, fraction stays the same or increases. Therefore, biodiesel workings well with emission control technologies such as diesel oxidation catalysts (which reduce the soluble fraction of diesel particulate but not the solid carbon fraction). go bads of 20% biodiesel with 80% petroleum diesel can generally be used in unmodified diesel engines.Biodiesel can also be used in its pure form , but it may require certain engine modifications to avoid nutriment and performance problems and may not be suitable for wintertime use. Just like petroleum diesel, biodiesel operates in compression-ignition engines. Higher blends, even pure biodiesel (100% biodiesel ), may be able to be used in some engines (built since 1994) with little or no modification. 7. ELECTRICITY Electricity can be used as a transportation fuel to power battery electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles and in limited use in hybrid-electric vehicles.Fuel cell vehicles use electricity produced from an electrochemical reaction that takes place when hydrogen and oxygen are combined in the fuel cell stack. The production of electricity using fuel cells takes place without combustion or pollution and leaves only two byproducts, heat and water. Even though the battery electric vehicle itself produces zero pollutants, when emissions from the power generating stations from traditional sources (coal, oil-fired or nuc lear) are factored in, battery powered electric cars still produce less than 10 percent of the emissions of standard internal combustion engine cars.Clean electricity production is possible in future years since the wind and solar power generating stations are becoming as a sources. Maintenance for battery electric vehicles is less, which have fewer moving parts to service and replace, although the batteries must be replaced every three to six years. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are hybrid cars with an added battery. As the term suggests, plug-in hybrids which look and perform much like regular cars can be out of use(p) in to a 120-volt outlet (for instance each night at home, or during the workday at a parking garage) and confided.Plug-ins run on the stored energy for much of a typical days driving depending on the size of the battery up to 60 miles per charge, far beyond the commute of an average American and when the charge is used up, automatically keep running on the fuel in the fuel tank. A individual who drives every day a distance shorter than the cars electric range would never have to dip into the fuel tank. Most of the energy used by plug-ins comes from electricity and not from gasoline.That electricity can be generated expeditiously and cleanly from Americas abundant domestic energy resources, thus greatly reducing our dependence on merchandise oil. Unlike in the 1970s, when much of our electricity was generated from oil, today only 2% of our electricity is generated from oil. Hydrogen storage returns around 47% of original energy, while advanced batteries return 75-85%. According to the report, using electricity to charge electric vehicles (EVs) provides twice the miles per kilowatt hour than employing electricity to make hydrogen fuel.Lithium ion batteries developed for portable electronics can store electricity at an energy density about six times greater than conventional lead acid batteries and in the future could go nearly 250 miles between charges. 8. P-SERIES FUEL P-Series fuel is a mixture of natural gas liquids (pentanes plus), ethanol, and methyl tetrahydrofuran(MTHF), a biomass-derived co-solvent. P-Series is predominantly derived from renewable resources and burns much cleaner than gasoline. It can be mixed with gasoline in any proportion and is used in multi-fuel vehicles.Pure Energy Corporation holds the exclusive worldwide license to produce and supply P-Series fuel. Reference 1. Retrieved November 30, 2006, from http//oee. nrcan. gc. ca/transportation/fuels/hydrogen-fuelcells/hydrogen. cfm? attr=16 2. Retrieved November 30, 2006, from http//www. nrel. gov/vehiclesandfuels/hev/plugins. html 3. Retrieved November 30, 2006, from http//www. ethanol. org/e85. html 4. Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles. Retrieved November 30, 2006 from http//www. iags. org/pih. htm 5. K. R. Gerdes and G. J. Suppes. 2001. Miscibility of Ethanol in Diesel Fuels . Ind. Eng. Chem.Res. , 40 (3), 949 -956, 2001 6. A. C. Hansen, P. W. L. Lyne, and Q. Zhang, Ethanol-Diesel Blends A Step Towards Bio-based Fuel for Diesel Engines, ASAE Paper No. 01-6048, July2001. 7. Hua Lu Karlsson. 2006. Emissions from Conventional Gasoline Vehicles Driven with Ethanol Blend Fuels. http//www. senternovem. nl/mmfiles/ ethanol_blend_emissions_in_conventional_vehicles_tcm24-195177. pdf. 8. U. S. Department of Energy. 2006. http//www. eere. energy. gov/ afdc/afv/prop_vehicles. html. 9. Ethanol Fact Book. 2005. www. cleanfuelsdc. org/pubs/ documents/2003EthanolFactBook. pdf.