Criminal Justice, What are the affects of victimization on victims and Research Paper

Criminal Justice, What are the affects of victimization on victims and their families - Research Paper Example This is because they and their families experience long lasting physical, emotional and psychological damage after being treated unjustly. Victims sometimes get to suffer from the effects of victimization for the rest of their lives, the greatest effect being psychological in nature according to Hess and Orthmann (28). The effects of victimization can be felt short term or long term. Whatever the duration that it takes, the negative effects of victimization are often difficult to mitigate according to Lerner and Montada (25). Victimized people get confused, frustrated, fearful and angry, at worst going through trauma. They forever want answers as to why they experienced whatever happened and why it happened to them. Despite the victims having knowledge of who did that to them and where to go to get help and justice, they always fear and feel insecure. This is because they may not know who to trust and rely on for help and support. Victimized persons and their families suffer a lot physically, psychologically, emotionally and financially (Lerner and Montada 32). Furthermore, they are sometimes over burdened by the complexity of the criminal justice system. People who are victimized many times find it very difficult to believe and accept that they have become victims of crime and that there is nothing they can do about it. Initially, they make themselves believe that the crime occurred in their dreams and not in reality hence they live in great denial. These reactions may last for some months or even years depending on how traumatized a victim is according to Lerner and Montada (54). It is common for victims to act like children and get taken care of by other people surrounding them. Victims get emotions like anger, guilt, grief, shame, confusion, frustration and fear. Some victims get angry with their offenders, family members, friends, service providers, the criminal justice system and even themselves. Victims have a strong desire to get even and bring

Blackadder Goodbyeee Essay Example for Free

Blackadder Goodbyeee Essay Blackadder is a four series BBC1 sitcom that was created in 1983 by Richard Curties and Ben Elton. It attempt to explain Bristish history in a period from 1485 to 1917 in a comedic way. Blackadder Goes Forth has an lampoon approach to the World War I which was an dread event. This lampoon approaching is particularly success in the last episode, Goodbyee, which tells the story of five main character, Captain Edmund Blackadder (Rowan Atkinson), Private S. Baldrick (Tony Robinson), Genereal Sir Anthony Hogmanay Melchett (Stephen Fry), Lieutenant The Honourable George Colthurst St. Barleigh ( Hugh Laurie) and Captain Kevin Darling (Tim McInnerny). Each of them had their own reaction and feeling in respond to the last push. The fear, the anxiety, and desire not to be dead were described in a comedy way. It is said that when the situation is far worse to cry, laugh to it. It means there is no word can describe the horror of that situation. The episode Goodbyee chose that approach to tell the real story of soldiers, hero and casualty, in World War I. Eventhough the laugh, silly questions, cunning plan, and funny event happen throughout the movie, there is nothing real fun. All the reaction is their respond out of depression as the last attempt to avoid the dead. Blending comedy with tragedy, Goodbyeee definitely makes the audience feel the horror of the war, the meaningless and the cost of it. World War I or Great War was a major war took place in Europe from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 between two opposite alliances: the Allies (United Kingdom, France and Russia) and the Central Power (Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italia). Triggered by the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, the heir of the throne, the war began. The Austro-Hungarian invaded Serbia, the German invaded Belgium, Luxembourg and France, and the Russian attacked Germany. The Western Front settled into a static battle with a trench line that changed little until 1917. After United Sates entered the trench and the Allies drove back the German armies in a series of successful offensive, Germany agreed to a cease fire on 11 November 1918, marked the end of the Great War. This four years war cost about 70 million military personnel mobilized and more than 9 million combatants killed. â€Å"World War I†, Wikipedia) Goodbyeee tell the true story about the soldier in the Western Front. All of their reaction, feeling and ideas about the war are shown in their last minutes before the big push. Eventhough they were professional soldiers, they were still afraid of a battle. Captain Blackadder (Atkinson) pretended to go mad by putting an underwear on his head and putting stick up his nose, in order to be sent back but it did not work out. General Melchett (Fry) gave Captain Darling (McInnerny) the frontline commission honor- the honor of being dead. Afraid of being dead,Captain Darling kneeled and pleaded General Melchett (Fry) to change his mind but unsuccessful. Eventhough the fear of Captain Darling was so obvious; General Melchett intentionally misinterpreted the pleading. Regardless the leader’ responsibility and role-mole, all of them were trying to find a way to escape the dead. They did not feel ashamed when pretending to be mad in the cunning plan in front of their soldier or shoving the honor of dead in the front line to other people. They did not feel humiliated when pleading and kneeling. They even pretended to misunderstand the obviously begging. They ran away from their responsibility. That never have been expected to do as a soldier who could die for their country. The laugh added, the calm voice and the funny faces of actors make the viewer the humor of the situation. However, beneath the humor is the raw fear that can not be easily uncovered. The raw fear was not easily uncovered, but the lost would be. All of George’s friends were dead, simply and normally. However, looking at the way their dead were described â€Å"Sticky had been out for a duck†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Goodbyee, DVD), there were anything but normal. The news of their dead was not told directly to avoid the feeling of lost. This mean the lost were so horrible that it needed to be avoided. Obviously, as George said, â€Å"I suppose I’m the only one of the Trinity Tiddlers still alive. † (â€Å"Goodbyeee†, DVD), the number of lost were so high. This scene of the movie has another interesting but sorrowful approach: the lost counted by the number of soldiers who were still alive rather than who had been dead. The fear was so visible and the lost were horrible. That leads the question of Private Baldrick (Robinson),â€Å"How did the war start? (â€Å"Goodbyee†, DVD). Even the soldiers who were responsible for protecting the country did understand the reason of the war. Even the Captain could not give the fully and correctly answer. The scrambling of words in question and explanation were attempted to avoid the real truth behind it. There were no clear reasons for the war. There were blind soldiers who would die without knowing why. That is the real horror of the war that the movie makes: people may felt fear, tried to avoid the dead, lost the pride as a soldier without understanding why. Good bye is the obviously comedy. However, beneath all the humor is the sorrowful truth about the war: fear, death and the meaningless of the war. Fear was hidden under mindless activities for exclusion from war. Death and the meaningless of the war were avoided by scrambling words. Laughing at the humor in the movies to hide the tears bursting out when the final truth had been recovered in the last minutes before the big push â€Å" I’m scared, sir. † , said Goerge, â€Å"I’m scared too, sir†, said Baldrick. (â€Å"Goodbyeee†, DVD).

Osmosis in a Patato Chip :: essays research papers

OSMOSIS IN A POTATO CHIP Aim: To investigate the effect of varying concentration of a certain sugar solution on the amount of osmotic activity between the solution and a potato chip of a given size. _____________________________________________________________________ Aim: To investigate the effect of varying concentration of a certain sugar solution on the amount of osmotic activity between the solution and a potato chip of a given size. Osmosis is defined as the net movement of water or any other solutions molecules from a region in which they are highly concentrated to a region in which they are less concentrated. This movement must take place across a partially permeable membrane such as a cell wall, which lets smaller molecules such as water through but does not allow bigger molecules to pass through. The molecules will continue to diffuse until the area in which the molecules are found reaches a state of equilibrium, meaning that the molecules are randomly distributed throughout an object, with all areas having an equal concentration. For this particular investigation I think that the lower the concentration of the sugar solution in the test tube, the larger the increase in mass of the potato chip will be. This is because the water molecules pass from a high concentration. Therefore, I believe that the chips that are in the tubes containing a higher concentration of water than sugar will have a larger mass than chips in tubes with higher sugar concentrations. Further information on potato plant cells: Plant cells always have a strong cell wall surrounding them. When they take up water via osmosis they start to swell, but the cell wall prevents them from bursting. Plant cells become "turgid" when they are put in dilute solutions. The definition of Turgid is when a cell becomes swollen and hard. The pressure inside the cell rises and eventually the internal pressure of the cell is so high that no more water can enter the cell. This liquid or hydrostatic pressure works against osmosis. Turgidity is very important to plants because this is what makes the green parts of the plant "stand up" into the sunlight. When plant cells are placed in concentrated sugar solutions they lose water due to the process of osmosis, and they become "flaccid." This is the exact opposite of "turgid". The content of the potato cells shrinks, and consequently pulls away from the cell wall. These cells are said to be plasmolysed. When plant cells are placed in a solution, which has exactly the same osmotic strength as the cells they are in a state between turgidity and flaccidity. Osmosis in a Patato Chip :: essays research papers OSMOSIS IN A POTATO CHIP Aim: To investigate the effect of varying concentration of a certain sugar solution on the amount of osmotic activity between the solution and a potato chip of a given size. _____________________________________________________________________ Aim: To investigate the effect of varying concentration of a certain sugar solution on the amount of osmotic activity between the solution and a potato chip of a given size. Osmosis is defined as the net movement of water or any other solutions molecules from a region in which they are highly concentrated to a region in which they are less concentrated. This movement must take place across a partially permeable membrane such as a cell wall, which lets smaller molecules such as water through but does not allow bigger molecules to pass through. The molecules will continue to diffuse until the area in which the molecules are found reaches a state of equilibrium, meaning that the molecules are randomly distributed throughout an object, with all areas having an equal concentration. For this particular investigation I think that the lower the concentration of the sugar solution in the test tube, the larger the increase in mass of the potato chip will be. This is because the water molecules pass from a high concentration. Therefore, I believe that the chips that are in the tubes containing a higher concentration of water than sugar will have a larger mass than chips in tubes with higher sugar concentrations. Further information on potato plant cells: Plant cells always have a strong cell wall surrounding them. When they take up water via osmosis they start to swell, but the cell wall prevents them from bursting. Plant cells become "turgid" when they are put in dilute solutions. The definition of Turgid is when a cell becomes swollen and hard. The pressure inside the cell rises and eventually the internal pressure of the cell is so high that no more water can enter the cell. This liquid or hydrostatic pressure works against osmosis. Turgidity is very important to plants because this is what makes the green parts of the plant "stand up" into the sunlight. When plant cells are placed in concentrated sugar solutions they lose water due to the process of osmosis, and they become "flaccid." This is the exact opposite of "turgid". The content of the potato cells shrinks, and consequently pulls away from the cell wall. These cells are said to be plasmolysed. When plant cells are placed in a solution, which has exactly the same osmotic strength as the cells they are in a state between turgidity and flaccidity.

The Effects of Sir Thomas Malory’s Life and Culture on the Arthurian Le

The Effects of Sir Thomas Malory’s Life and Culture on the Arthurian Legends In many cases, authors write books in order to comment on the culture they live in. In addition, the personal life experiences of the author are also expressed in the work. In the case of the Arthurian Legends, the major contributor was Sir Thomas Malory, who lived from 1405 to 1471 (Abrams, 420). The first section of this paper will examine why Sir Thomas Malory should be considered the greatest contributor to the Arthurian Legends. The second section of this paper will examine many themes expressed in Malory’s work, Morte Darthur, such as courtly love, brotherly love, chivalry, magic, and resolution, showing how the culture and personal life of Sir Thomas Malory helped shape his commitment to translating and writing the legends of King Arthur. The final section of this paper will show how, even in the last century, writers have used personal life experiences and elements of the culture around them to create their works. One of the most taxing aspects of dealing with the Arthurian Legends is identifying the major contributors. Arthurian legends were in existence long before the lifetime of Sir Thomas Malory most notably Geoffry of Monmouth’s Historia Regina Britannia, which was written between 1136-1139. The fact that Arthurian legends were in existence several hundred years before Malory’s life makes it essential to show why the study of his life and culture are important. The major reason why the study of the life and culture of Sir Thomas Malory should be considered important is due to the fact that his work (Morte Darthur) was the first complete version of Arthurian legends ever produced in English. Another reason it is important t... ... that surrounded him. The final section of the paper deals with the idea that, even in our culture, writers are able to take their personal experiences and extend them to represent the culture as a whole. All of these sections are essential for understanding Morte Darthur, Sir Thomas Malory, and the elements he used from his personal experience and the culture around him to translate and write many Arthurian legends. Works Cited Abrams, M.H. Gen. Ed., Greenblatt, Stephen. Ass. Gen. Ed. The Norton Anthology of English Literature 7th Ed. Vol. 1. New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 2000. Ackerman, Robert W. â€Å"Sir Thomas Malory†. World Book Encyclopedia Vol. 13. Chicago: World Book Inc., 1989. Mckay, John P. Ed., Hill, Bennett D. Ed., Buckler, John Ed., A History of Western Society Since 1300, 6th Edition. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1999.

New Healthy Fruit Smoothie at Burger King Essay

If fast food is unhealthy and is believed to cause obesity, why is there still a fast food restaurant every few blocks? Perhaps because there are a lot of people who are still consuming fast food and backing its business, the fast food industry survives and appears to even increase. The fact that modern life is fast paced as well as the economy hasn’t fully recovered makes people prefer to work more consistent and eat faster. Needless to say, the competition among well-known brand names is getting more challenging, and advertising plays an important role in marketing and drawing consumers’ attentions. Knowing the only disadvantage of fast food is its unhealthiness, Burger King has recently introduced their healthy real fruit smoothie using David Beckham. By equating his charm, his famous credibility, and his physique, David Beckham endorses the new Burger King’s smoothie to not only women but also soccer fans and whoever seeks healthy choices at a fast food restaurant. Throughout the commercial, Burger King shows their true intentions: to visually attract the audience with their appealing and healthy smoothie, to interest them by using a celebrity along with the slogan â€Å"exciting things are happening at Burger King†, and to show part of the American culture through the story and the conversation. In the commercial, Burger King is attempting to refresh their reputation of being unhealthy and creates a visual appeal for their smoothie. By showing how the ripest strawberries are being cut and blend nicely, the commercial effectively forms a visual image of the drink and stimulates the audience’s curiosity to try it out. In addition, strawberry is definitely one of the most favorite flavors for kids while banana is a very healthy fruit. As a result, a mixing of those two fruits surely captures the attention of children and mothers who want to purchase a possibly healthier choice. As given on the Burger King’s website, the smoothie’s nutritional facts are acceptable, 200 calories and forty grams of sugar per twelve ounce serving (small size). Even though forty grams of sugar is a little bit too much for a 200 calorie drink, most of it comes from real fruits and plus, there isn’t any saturated fat or anything else. These definitely won’t kill you or make you fat compared to other sugary, creamy drinks. However, people often think that healthy food is boring and tasteless. By filming the ad expertly and convincingly with high definition, Burger King is able make the smoothie look realistically tasty and delicious. Its most visual appeal is when it was poured into the glass. The fluid looks amazingly delicious and well-blended. The color also appears to be reddish orange as it is well-balanced between strawberries and bananas. As Hirschberg mentioned in his â€Å"The Rhetoric of Advertising†, Burger King does create â€Å"the distinctive image for the product† in their commercial. The smoothie glass is shown closely on the half left of the image while other half is showing a bunch of fresh strawberries. They also blur the strawberries in the background to emphasize the prominence of the smoothie glass. This allows the audience to see its smooth viscosity closely and triggers their appetites as well as interests. Instead of illogically exploiting well-shaped models and athletes to promote unhealthy products like other franchises, Burger King utilizes David’s healthy and lean physique to indicate their product as a naturally healthy smoothie. Starting off with a spokesperson claiming â€Å"exciting things are happening at Burger King†, the setting of the commercial is refreshing, exciting, and appealing just like the smoothie itself. Surprisingly, the spokesperson’s tone isn’t too excited as expected. It is rather a normal, not-a-big-deal tone. It seems to imply that it is usual to have exciting things at Burger King, and in this case, it is David Beckham with the strawberry banana smoothie. Apparently, Burger King tries to persuade the audience that many celebrities do actually visit Burger King, and that they should come and eat at Burger King as well if they want to meet their idols. Using David Beckham to promote the smoothie is brilliant. Not only David Beckham is appealed to women, but also his classy fashion style is attracted the young adults, let alone his recognition as a professional soccer player. Additionally, like David, those kinds of frosty, sweet, and fruity smoothies have always been attracted to women rather than men. Furthermore, his healthy body makes the drink even healthier. Also, David has been recently promoting for the Sainsbury’s Active Kids as an ambassador. He has been on many posters and advertisements that encourage children to eat healthy and exercise. Burger King apparently knows what’s going on and has their commercial set. Through the conversation between David Beckham, the cashier, and the manager, the commercial creates an entertaining situation and shows part of the American culture. Humor is definitely one of the American cultures. Mostly everything we see on TV has entertaining and humorous elements. In the commercial, audience will be able entertained as soon as David orders his smoothie and mesmerizes the cashier. As the cashier is being fascinated by his charming radiance, David shifts into a luminous gentleman wearing a classy, black suit and reorders his smoothie in a very heavy English accent. The way David pronounces â€Å"strawberry banana smoothie† and the cashier’s daydreaming look are what make it worth a giggle. The music is also very antiquated. It sounds like one of those Western classic, love songs that appeared in â€Å"Gone with the Wind†. The commercial also exploits homosexual agenda by showing the male manager, after snapping his cashier out of David’s charm, is also stunned by David’s dazzle. Same sex attraction is just a daring joke as it either makes the audience impressed or offended. Nonetheless, whether it is offensive or not, the scene creates an emotional appeal and makes an impact on the audience as one of the advertising techniques Hirschberg has discussed, â€Å"They supply the unstated major premise that supplies a rationale to persuade an audience that a particular product will meet one or another of several different kinds of needs†. After all, the homosexual joke serves its purposes: to make impressions and to indirectly persuade that the strawberry banana smoothie is just irresistible for both sexes. It is not a surprise to see celebrities or well-known professional athletes appearing in a commercial nowadays. Using David Beckham to promote the new smoothie is a great move of Burger King. Burger King shows that fast food does not necessarily mean unhealthy. To get the word out about their changes, they have to pull out their biggest marketing campaign ever using a lot of well-known celebrities. So far, David Beckham as well as the new healthy smoothie menu is definitely the aces and the most success compared to other commercials. Its views jump over 20,000 in a matter of hours proving that it works. â€Å"With their latest initiatives, Burger King is showing commitment to areas that I’m passionate about, such as supporting charities, helping children and improving the healthier eating options. I am happy to help the brand launch its first smoothie platform, which is a great addition to any diet†, said David Beckham.

Essay on Lord of the Flies

Essay on Lord of the Flies Essay on Lord of the Flies Savage Garden People have been writing books for thousands of years. Many topics and ideas have already been written about, so some authors write a new story that restates a book or idea. William Golding’s Lord of the Flies is an allegory to the story of the Garden of Eden from the Bible and restates many of the topics and ideas from that story. In Lord of the Flies, the basic setting and characters parallel the Garden of Eden. In the story, a group of boys crash land in a beautiful and peaceful island paradise that directly resembles the Garden of Eden as described in the Bible. The island the boys land on is heart shaped, filled with beautiful trees and fruit, and abundant with animals just like the Garden of Eden. Soon the boys even find a clearing in the forest that is nice and quiet which parallels the tranquility of the Garden of Eden. The boys in Lord of the Flies start off innocent, but soon become very savvy. It is as if the island is imparting its knowledge ju st like the Tree of Knowledge in the Garden of Eden. The boys soon know how to kill pigs and then humans. Because these boys are twelve years old at the oldest, this is not something one would expect them to know. At that age, boys are still thought of as young and innocent, but these boys are cunning and resourceful. Like Adam and Eve, they transition from an innocent to a sinful existence. After a few days on the island, the boys think they see a beastie which ties in to the story of the serpent, or the devil as it turns out, from the Garden of Eden. First, the boys think the beastie is a pig and then they think it is a dead man with a parachute. Then one of the characters comes up with the conclusion that the beastie is inside each of the boys, and that they are all evil in some way. Some of the boys display this beastie inside them when they brutally kill and eat a sow. Eating the sow, which they should not eat since it is a sacred mother, is like Adam going against God a nd eating the sacred apple. The boys eventually

Sullivan Surname Meaning and Family History

Sullivan Surname Meaning and Family History The common Sullivan surname means hawk-eyed or little dark-eyed one, derived from the Irish sà ºildhubhn, from suil, meaning eye and dubh, meaning black. Sullivan is the 92nd most popular surname in the United States and the third most common surname in Ireland. Surname Origin:  Irish Alternate Surname Spellings:  OSULLIVAN, OSULLIVAN Famous People with the SULLIVAN Surname Arthur Sullivan - 19th century British conductor and composerLouis Sullivan- widely considered Americas first modern architectAnne Sullivan - American teacher  best known for her work with Helen KellerEd Sullivan -  Ã‚  American journalist, producer and TV host; best known for his successful variety program, The Ed Sullivan Show. Where is the SULLIVAN Surname Most Common? The Sullivan surname, according to surname distribution information from  Forebears, is most prevalent in the United States, where it comes in as the 81st most common last name. There are more individuals named Sullivan in Ireland, however, based on percentage of population. It is also fairly common in Australia and Wales. Genealogy Resources for the Surname Sullivan 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their Meanings: Smith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census?Sullivan/OSullivan DNA Project: More than 400 members have joined this project for the Sullivan surname (and variants such as OSullivan) to  work together to find their common heritage through DNA testing and sharing of information.SULLIVAN Family Genealogy Forum: This free message board is focused on descendants of Sullivan ancestors around the world. Search the forum for posts about your Sullivan ancestors, or join the forum and post your own queries.  FamilySearch - SULLIVAN  Genealogy: Explore over 4.9 million  results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Sullivan surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.GeneaNet - Sullivan Records: GeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Sullivan surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. Ancestry.com: Sullivan Surname: Explore over 11  million digitized records and database entries, including census records, passenger lists, military records, land deeds, probates, wills and other records for the Sullivan  surname on the subscription-based website, Ancestry.com.

Emily Dickinson -- Poems

Emily Dickinson Poems At first glance, Emily Dickinson's poetry looks short and concise. Many of her poems contain just a few stanzas, and not many words per line. This might give one the impression that the poetry is not very complex. However, upon further inspection, a reader can see that Dickinson is not a simple writer. Although her poems are short, each word is carefully chosen and most have multiple meanings.An example of Dickinson's short poetry is Number 185. Only four lines long, it contains a powerful statement about Dickinson's beliefs and feelings about religion and science. She says that "Faith"  is an invention made up by man so that they can see or explain the world around them, but advances in science have allowed people to see things that normally cannot be seen and are therefore more valuable or prudent. She makes a strong commentary in only sixteen words.Image: Emily dickinson journal.gifIn her poem numbered 288, Dickinson makes a statement about the status systems in place in societ y. She seems to be saying that she is "Nobody"  and has found someone who is similar to her. There is a fear of being banished or pushed away if they are found out. Then she goes on to compare being "Somebody"  to being a frog in a bog: a frog that does nothing but tell his name to the world around him in a narcissistic way. In this poem, Dickinson is again making a broad statement about society in just two short stanzas.In these two examples, Dickinson shows that a poet can be powerful and passionate about their subject without having to waste time, paper, and use extra words. She chose the words that were included in her poems very carefully and if you examine them closely, you can see that...

Is Command and Control an Effective Management Style Essay - 4

Is Command and Control an Effective Management Style - Essay Example It is inappropriate for managers and  hence  managers should  consider  other management styles. There are other management styles, which are distinctively different from the command and control  style. They have proven effects on the positive change and  performance  of a company. These are not the days of considering  people  as working machines. People need to be managed and accorded respect  as being valuable to the company. Jackson K & Rowley C (2010, 136),  assert  that management styles such as the  modern  consultative and laissez-faire, are  extremely  productive. These and other methods  welcome  the ideas of the subjects in problem-solving. They are  advantageous  in that they  wholly  solve the problems that affect every  member, unlike the command and control. The command and  control  favor one side. The command and control are short of participation. Managers should be  analytical  in their ruling. This means that t hey should know the  root  of the problem, ask the why and how to solve them satisfactorily.The mind of a human  being  is highly  productive  when in a relaxed state. It is what controls the  body. When disturbed, then the outcome of the work done will not be  effective. It can be clearly seen from the video by Job Stains (public conversation website, n.d.), on the public conversation project that, threatening the  mind  leads to a state of relaxation leading to the production of hormones. These hormones  make  the  person  fight back or  decide  not to  react  to the threat. In the process, there are no results obtained as well as conflicts solved. The use of narrative as indicated by the narrative therapist (Morgan, 2000) can be a better way of managing people. Talking of the positive things is healthier than dwelling on the negatives. People interested in the things they consider  valuable  and not what discourages them.

W5D 590 Colin Powell Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

W5D 590 Colin Powell - Essay Example Powell, the role of the leader is to create the most suitable environment for the followers and let everyone to contribute the common business goal with all their best (Karissa, 2013). To best bring the leader’s view about the organizational goal can be done through collaboration, an effective part of which is communication that creates unity without consensus. Here loyalty means to give one’s honest opinion and if the decision is been made, give no chances for the debate (Johnson, et al., 2008). The importance of truth-telling and safety where people are able to tell the truth create the atmosphere of unity and lead to the high performance of the corporate culture. Another view on how leader sees meeting of organizational goals is through creating a winning team (Schawbel, 2012), which is able to give business everything it needs. Here people should be trained in order to get connected to the common strategy, and have certain equipment to achieve the goals. There is al so philosophy of leadership which Powell shared with hundreds of business students. The central consideration about leadership is about getting people to make the most out of them, which is possible by creating conditions of trust, absence of fear or anger and constant presence of optimism. He also states (Stanford GSB Staff, 2005) that effective leaders are not born; instead they are capable to learn from their experience. Johnson, et al., (2008). The New leadership challenge: removing the emotional barriers to sustainable performance in a flat world, Ivey Business Journal, Retrieved from http://iveybusinessjournal.com/publication/the-new-leadership-challenge-removing-the-emotional-barriers-to-sustainable-performance-in-a-flat-world/ Karissa, R., (2013). AIA 2013: Top Ten Lessons of Leadership by General Colin Powell, Architecture News Daily, Retrieved from http://www.archdaily.com/392879/aia-2013-top-ten-lessons-of-leadership-by-general-colin-powell/ Schawbel, D., (2012). A Conversation

Leadership for Change & Innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Leadership for Change & Innovation - Essay Example Leadership for Change & Innovati Clear specification of direction and goals is a key determinant of change and innovation. This enables employees to be informed about the organization objectives properly which in turn allows them to align their personal or career oriented objectives with that of the organization objectives (Mackenzie 345-428). By doing so, employees are able to engage thoroughly with the company thus they obtain the flexibility to think creatively thereby paving a way for innovation. The field of leadership has been researched extensively by academic scholars who have introduced several unique yet effective leadership styles that encourage change and innovation. A considerable proportion of researchers have also researched on the disparities between the leadership styles and their implications on the performance of companies. This has enabled world leaders to analyse their leadership styles and make appropriate modifications according to the situation of their job responsibilities. In this particular researcher, the researcher is conducting a self reflection of the leadership style employed while his/her experience working with an oil company. By doing so the researcher endeavours to highlight the drawbacks of his/her leadership style and at the same time pin point the alternative leadership approaches which could have been adopted under those circumstances. In that way the researcher will be able to articulate a plan of development thereby formulating the necess ary steps that can be taken in order to develop his/her leadership style.

HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

HRM - Essay Example Both organizations are based in Yorkshire and provide financial services. In order to recruit the right workforce, both organizations are in direct competition with each other. For this purpose, both of them recruit graduates for their trainee programs. In order to place them on management or professional posts, both organizations have training programs. For the recruitment of graduates, both Goldstan and Hodell use visits and advertisements within universities in Yorkshire. Whereas, Goldstan further utilizes local newspapers and recruitment consultants in this regard, while Hodell utilizes professional journals and it also takes help from advertising. The Goldstan asks it applicants to submit the application form that is filled in by hand, not type written or printed. On the contrary, Hodell has adopted a very catchy technique to attract the graduates since the 1970’s. The company provides brochures to graduates that talk about the advantages of working with the organization and the prestige of the company. It requires Curriculum Vitae of the candidate with a covering letter. The selection process at Goldstan undergoes a single panel interview. The Head of the Department or Human Resource Manager conducts the interview where the recruit is required. The interviewee is asked to give a fifteen minutes presentation on a specific issue following the interview. If the candidate is found satisfactory with his performance and capabilities, then the employment offers are made. On the other hand, Hodell holds two interviews with the candidates. The first interview is conducted by the Human Resource Manager while the second one is conducted by the Head of the Department or with the senior employee / staff member of the department where the vacancy is available. Following successful interviews, the candidate is then supposed to complete personality and intelligence tests. Once the candidate passes these

Effective Crisi Communications (thesis) Thesis Proposal

Effective Crisi Communications ( ) - Thesis Proposal Example Depending on the situation, it is crucial that each organization involved in handling such situations is well aware of their next step to keep panic from spreading in public. In order to deal with a crisis situation many factors and issues need to be given consideration, for instance, how to communicate the situation to the general public without alarming. In this case, media plays an important role, so it needs to be given appropriate information by the organization (Coombs, 2007). The present paper focuses on how to effectively deal with crisis situations. The paper takes into consideration various crisis situations from the past and provides an analysis on how they were managed and what could have been done to better manage them. Moreover, the paper discusses each step of crisis management plan in detail and how to best implement it. The paper discusses the dos and don’ts of crisis management and also presents the consequences of taking bad decisions in such situation. Anot her important factor in crisis management, which is often sidelined, is the image of the organization managing the crisis. When planning for crisis management, it is important to keep in mind the public image of the organization, i.e. how will the general public perceive the actions taken by the organization in a crisis situation. Taking wrong decisions can tarnish the image of an organization in seconds. The organization may recover from the physical and economical harm done to it but the tarnished image will be difficult to fix, as those bad decision will be remembered and used as examples for years to come. The paper focuses on both economical and natural disasters and the role of both, the role of governmental and non-governmental institutions in a crisis situation. The changes made in the methods of dealing with crisis management are also discussed in the paper. In order to successfully explore all these topics related to crisis management, the following

HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

HRM - Essay Example Both organizations are based in Yorkshire and provide financial services. In order to recruit the right workforce, both organizations are in direct competition with each other. For this purpose, both of them recruit graduates for their trainee programs. In order to place them on management or professional posts, both organizations have training programs. For the recruitment of graduates, both Goldstan and Hodell use visits and advertisements within universities in Yorkshire. Whereas, Goldstan further utilizes local newspapers and recruitment consultants in this regard, while Hodell utilizes professional journals and it also takes help from advertising. The Goldstan asks it applicants to submit the application form that is filled in by hand, not type written or printed. On the contrary, Hodell has adopted a very catchy technique to attract the graduates since the 1970’s. The company provides brochures to graduates that talk about the advantages of working with the organization and the prestige of the company. It requires Curriculum Vitae of the candidate with a covering letter. The selection process at Goldstan undergoes a single panel interview. The Head of the Department or Human Resource Manager conducts the interview where the recruit is required. The interviewee is asked to give a fifteen minutes presentation on a specific issue following the interview. If the candidate is found satisfactory with his performance and capabilities, then the employment offers are made. On the other hand, Hodell holds two interviews with the candidates. The first interview is conducted by the Human Resource Manager while the second one is conducted by the Head of the Department or with the senior employee / staff member of the department where the vacancy is available. Following successful interviews, the candidate is then supposed to complete personality and intelligence tests. Once the candidate passes these

I DO NOT HAVE A TOPIC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

I DO NOT HAVE A TOPIC - Essay Example Pollution could also destroy the ozone layer thus altering the climatic condition of the region. This would significantly affect the residents since in terms of tourism since it is one of the major economic activities in the area (Mullerat & Brennan, 2011). †¢ Mission statement: they aim at being the best-loved boutique hotel and restaurant by the guests, owners, and all stakeholders by provide excellent service and care and delivering financial returns to investors (Clarke & Chen, 2009). The company has been involved in multiple social responsibilities. However, regarding the loyalty of the customers that has enabled the company to be among the best in the world, it is only fair that the company continue giving back to the society. The headquarter of Kimpton is located in one of the largest cities in the area (Sun, Stewart, & Pollard, 2010). This means that the population in the area is high: and densely populated. With the improved economic conditions in the area due to high tourism levels, most of the population here own cars and the remaining part of the population use public transport. Some of these cars could result into air pollution if they happen to emit fumes. In addition, this city houses various companies and industries. Such industries pollute the environment through emission of dangerous fumes and introducing waste material into the water sources. Considering that the organization is aimed at creating a good brand image, reducing the levels of pollution is a good move to ensure that the organization saves money from the residents of the area. The reason is that air or water pollution could result into multiple health defects and reducing or eliminating them saves this medical money for such residents (Hancock, 2009). The program is very cost effective especially considering that the company already campaigns for the use of renewable energy in the

Cell Phones Advantages&Disadvantages Essay Example for Free

Cell Phones AdvantagesDisadvantages Essay 1.0 Introduction When I have been on different school placements during my time at the College there has always been one thing I have paid more attention to and noticed in every school. This situation is a very common thing among students in Malaysia and also occurs among people who normally use more than one language. This phenomenon is called code-switching and usually happened in bilingual societies. What is code-switching? It is when a person mixes two languages in a single sentence or a conversation. This issue was ordinary to take place in Malaysian students which is learning more than one language. Our country students usually learned more than three language likes national language, mother language and etc. Our ministry of education set English as a second language in Malaysia, so Malaysian English Language Instructors and ESL (English as second Language) requires learners tend to use more than one code of language in the context of formal classroom. Now, we wants to discuss the factors that cause ESL learners to code switch and how to overcome it. 2.0 Main Body 2.1 Feel More Comfortable, Environment, Lack of Confidence The first factors it cause students cannot switching code immediately because they not usual to use English and also feel custom and more comfortable to use their own language. They prefer to use their own language because it is more smoothed and easy communicate with their friend. Besides that, they also did not have a good environment or social to speak English. Take one example, we was grow in a family which does not often speak English and we just only use our mother language to communicate with our family’s in home, that is a big problem for us to learn and speak English properly. The problem will cause the students lack of confidence to speak English because they do not have basic for speak to other people. Last but not least, they also will feel shy to use English because they are afraid of speaking mistakes. 2.2 Lack of Motivation, Lack of Interest, Lack of Enforcement Furthermore, they also lack of motivation because they do not get any courage from their friend or family. When students do not have enough vocabulary word they  cannot speak any perfects English. If they cannot speak English properly, they will give their friend laugh and it will causes they do not have more interest in English. Besides that, they will also give up to learn English and also will drop out of study. Motivation may be expect to improve when class take into account students likes in teaching style and lesson material. Additionally, parents did not enforce their children to speak and learn English in home. Parents also lack of accompany with their children to teach them important of English or another language in the whole world even tourism and doing business. 2.3 Watch more English videos, more interaction, talk with others race After the factors let us talk about solutions to overcome the problem students who are face it. Lecturers can takes some video from youtube or google to share with students but ensure the video can help students to improve their English. They can also listen music English or see an English movie to increase their listen and speaking skill. We must let students have more interaction and practice among them when during lesson. Lecturers should break them into different group with different language or country to get more chance to be in touch with English in class. 2.4 Join the activity can improve English, Attended to tuition, Penalty The parents need to speak with them in English and without home language at home to improve their basic in speaking. Parents also can send them to counselling or campaign for training them to use English in social life. Students must me hardworking and go to a place which availability of additional resources or knowledge to increase their vocabulary. To give those students cannot handle the basics English parents should force them to attend tuition class. When students in the school or college, lecturers must be ensure students are in the English speaking zone to communicate with their friend without other language. Last but not least, if those students who are not follow the rules must give a heavy penalty to let them remember and would not do a same mistake against. 3.0 Recommendation and Conclusion The use of mother language is not conclusively a threat to English as a language or a subject at school. In school or college lecturers should be concern about students have the ability to differentiate the two language and separate them in formal and non-formal communications in class.  Therefore, poor performance in English cannot blame on home language, but a person’s background. In my view educators should take the responsibility and teach suitable things to enable the primary level students learn in English. Its can make them understanding in a better command of English. 4.0 REFERENCES 1) Jtonec. (2012). A Description of How the Teacher of Language and Literature May Use Drama in Education to Overcome Low Linguistic Competency and Low Self Confidence. Available: http://www.studymode.com/essays/a-Description-Of-How-The-Teacher-1221891.html. Last accessed 12 May 2014. 2) Timmytimmkins.(2010). Effective ESL Elements. Available: http://www.studymode.com/essays/Effective-Esl-Elements-406002.html. Last accessed 10 May 2014. Question 2 1.0 Introduction In this global computer science and technology, who does not have a cell phone these days? Even a child in primary school some of their parents also will give them a phone to them for easily to stay contact with parents. However in this era of technology, a cell phone most amazing things is that they are no longer just used for calling or texting. Actually, a cell phone is not just only a tool for communicate with family and it is also a tool for multimedia such as smartphones. The smartphones can use in multimedia likes games, pictures, songs and it will bring out many advantages and disadvantages for us so with this mind. Hence, should students be permitted to use cell phones in school has become a hot topic of discussion among individual. Thus, let us discuss and debate about this topic. 2.0 Main Body 2.1 Access Information, Useful Application Firstly, it goes without saying that the advantages of cell phones is it can help students to overcome some of their academic problems. This is due to the reason that cell phones allow them to download some useful software such as dictionary. When they cannot understand what their lectures teaching about due to the vocabulary, they can find the meaning of the vocabulary and try to translate it to their own language by using the dictionary software  so that they will manage to understand what their lectures teaching about. In addition, they can also access ‘google’ to find the materials which they need. This is because internets have a pool of information to provide the information that they acquire. On the other hand, the student parents can also check their children whereabouts by using a phone. Besides that, the smartphone also has a lot of function such as calendar, calculator, maps finder and many technology software. I can take an example that I will use software to supervise my homework and revision to ensure that I will not waste the precious time. 2.2 Replace Pen and Paper, Use To Memory, E-learning Apart from that, using cell phones to do home works or assignments can replace the pen and reduce the paper so that this will help to reduce deforestation as well as keep away from greenhouse effect. The cell phones can also become a â€Å"memory card†, when the student insufficient time to write down all the points that the lecturers given or he or she absents the lessons, they can just take a picture and do revision at home. Furthermore, they still can take out these pictures to revise before the examination. In this way it is killing two birds with one stone a stone. Additionally, they can use for E-learning in internet by using a cell phone with their friends and lectures to discuss homework or which are they do not understand in the lesson. 2.3 Distraction Class, Cheating, Bullying Every coin has two sides, cell phone also bring some disadvantages to us. Let us discuss the disadvantages of a cell phone right now. The cell phones also bring out many troubles to students like distract the lecturer and all their friends. The meaning distract is stand for while lecturer teaching in the class the students who play games and the worst is cell phones ringing will disturb the whole class force to stop the class. After that, the students will also laugh at which classmates those who are not using the latest phone. They cannot understand their parents work hard also unable to buy a latest phone to them because new phones price is too expensive and even run up to two thousand. 2.4 Annoying Lecturers, Health Hazard, Safety of Students When lecturers is teaching in the class, the students which is mischievous will take the lecturer funny picture and upload to the social network to annoying their lecturer. These types of students do not have manners because they did not give any respect to their lecturer. England scientist investigate point out if each people using cell phones in one day more than 2 hours, they will get health hazard like shortsighted, radiation, skin cancer. So, if students bring cell phones to school they will get more times to be in touch with the disease above. Beside, students can keep play their phones and did not pay attention when they go downstairs or cross the road. It is very dangerous actions and do not behave their self and their family. 3.0 Recommendation and Conclusion In the last, students bring cell phones to school have both of advantages and disadvantages but they should know how to use the cell phones in the place is correct. We can come to a conclusion that although mobile phones have their weak points, they are very useful when they are necessary. Students are the decision makers. Therefore, we can choose which are good and bad. According to my opinion cell phones are very useful things if we use them in a proper way in the school it may help students solve many problems. 4.0 REFERENCES 1) RaulBarrera. (2012). Disadvantages of Cell Phones in School. Available: http://www.studymode.com/essays/Disadvantages-Of-Cell-Phones-In-School-1074638.html. Last accessed 6 May 2014. 2) HayItsGio. (2012). Cell Phones in School. Available: http://www.studymode.com/essays/Cell-Phones-In-School-1317488.html. Last accessed 4 May 2014.

Time To Rethink The Portfolio

Time To Rethink The Portfolio Church Dwight Co. Inc. is a 160 years old company that has been working to build a market share on a brand name that is rarely associated with its name, Arm Hammer (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-1). The companys growth strategy was finding new ways to incorporate sodium bicarbonate in the lives of the consumer. The company shifted management thinking, as more emphasis has been placed on bottom-line profitability growth. Because of the acquisition of 80 different consumer brands since 2004, Church Dwight dealt with explosive growth that is producing challenges such as the companys small size and the ability to compete for market share with its giant competitors both domestic and international market (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-1 35-2). 2. Summary statement of the recommended solution: Church Dwight, a relatively small company, recognized the challenges of growing sales through acquisitions that it made to promote growth and competitiveness within those markets. They needed to grow the expansion of product lines into a variety of personal care, deodorizing and cleaning, and laundry products as well as specialty chemicals, animal nutrition, and specialty cleaners (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-6). Church Dwight expanded into international markets and gained footholds in product markets through acquisition of manufacturing assets. Penetrating international markets and removing barriers such as transportation cost will gain a competitive edge against the giant players in the market (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-11). B. THE SITUATION After 160 years, Church Dwight is a giant in the household domestic product market with a brand name recognition more commonly associated with Arm Hammer products. ARM HAMMER baking soda became a fundamental item on the pantry shelf because of its several uses other than baking, it can be used as a dentifrice, chemical agent to absorb or neutralize odors and acidity, a kidney dialysis element, a blast media, an environmentally friendly cleaning agent, a swimming pool pH stabilizer, and a pollution control agent (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-2). The companys brand portfolio included over 80 popular brands and competes for market share with other giants including Colgate-Palmolive, Clorox, and Proctor Gamble, which have combined sales of over $100 billion (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-1). The company expanded over the past decade into other household product lines through acquisitions of consumer brands such as Mentadent, Pepsodent, Aim, Close-up, Trojan, Spinbrush, Oragel and Ox iclean. It achieved 85% of the sodium bicarbonate market share (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-6). Expansion in the domestic markets proved successful because of the management recognized the value of a major asset, the companys pristine balance sheet and made the decision to grow (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-5). Growth in the foreign markets proved more challenging than domestic markets as net sales in 2009 were only $393 million compared to domestic net sales of $1.8 billion (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-5). Finally, the company has achieved some success in foreign markets as 19% of revenue has been received through international market sales; primarily in consumer products (Case Author: Cook, R. A., p.35-1 35-12, 2012). A challenge against leveraged buy-outs and hostile takeovers is eminent. It is also experiencing head on collision with giant competitors such as Procter Gamble and Colgate-Palmolive. In spite of challenges Church Dwight transformed into much larger competito r not only across a broader range of products but also in geographic territory (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-6). Because of this, the company in order to maintain its continuous growth in both domestic and international arena needs to have the best strategy at their side. (Cook, pp, 35-1 35-12). II. ANALYSIS A. ANALYSIS OF THE SITUATION Management The management of Church Dwight Co. Inc. was lead by Dwight C. Milton, a direct descendant of Austin Church, as CEO from 1969 to 1995. He remained on the board as Chairman Emeritus as he turned over the responsibility to the first non-family member to Robert A. Davies III. Again In 2004 the responsibility was transferred to another non-family member, James R. Craige, who remained focused on building a portfolio of strong brands with sustainable competitive advantage (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-2). The steadiness of the companys leadership can be primarily attributed to the fact that 25 percent of outstanding common stock is owned by descendants of the companys original cofounders, a tradition that continues today (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-2). This focused leadership style has enabled Church Dwight to overcome potential leveraged buy-outs and hostile takeovers with a series of calculated actions and savvy business decisions. These actions allowed the board of dir ectors and management to amend the companys charter and allowing shareholders four (4) votes per share after they hold their stock for four years. In addition to staggering the directors tenure, the company initiated employee severance agreements with key officials, providing a severance package agreement to provide a safety net should any of the board member positions be terminated by a hostile takeover or leveraged buy-out by an unwanted suitor. By providing these lucrative packages for senior managers, many were able to stay with Church Dwight and allowed for continuity of leadership styles, vision and mission focus. It is because of this steadfast devotion to principles that have promoted steady growth over the years that we find Church Dwight identified previously as a Star but more recently labeled a Cash Cow using the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) Growth Share Matrix (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 221-222). However, as the company focuses more on international markets and ente rs other potential avenues of growing product lines, it will surely find itself back in the Stars range of the BCG Growth-Share Matrix. Operations 10 years ago, the Church Dwight Co. Inc. was a largely household domestic product company with an average annual sale of less than a billion dollars but because of major acquisitions, today it is has transformed into a company that has a capability of earning over 2.5 billion in annual sales. Church Dwight have come to the realization that they have major challenges to overcome if they are to compete with other giants in the industry and continue to thrive. Church Dwight also recognize they must remain vigilant to quickly and adequately deal with Porters Five Forces: Bargaining power of suppliers; Threat of new entrants; Threat of substitute products or services; bargaining power of buyers (customers); and Rivalry among existing firms (competitors) (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 110-113). When considering the force, Bargaining Power of Suppliers, the force rating could be considered MEDIUM as management must be constantly aware of any potential market shocks or trends. If an affiliate retailer is affected by unforeseen supply chain issues, like increased fuel prices, then those costs throughout the company may be affected to remain competitive. In addition, Church Dwight are well aware of the economic situations that may affect their trade customers who may reduce distribution of products in which sales may decline, or adversely affect the financial performance of the company (Craigie, 2010, p. 11). There was never historically a Threat of New Entrants into the sodium bicarbonate market prior to 1970. However, as the company developed new product offerings and other established consumer brands, they now face the same competition threats of mature and domestic and international markets for consumer products (Wheelen Hunger, p 35-7, 2012). In addition, this threat of new entrants has emerged over the past decades and may now be rated High on the Porters Force Rating Scale. In fact, the looming economic crisis may cause many trade customers to more c ritically analyze the threat of new entrants as HIGH as competition drives less efficient operators out of the market as new competitors are always trying to enter the market by under-selling products directly competing with Church Dwight. Of course, the Threat of substitute products or services is always considered HIGH as well because brand recognition is very important in todays mass-media marketing. The value of trademarks, copyrights, or brand recognition can be severely impacted if inferior or substitute products/services from an affiliate or emerging competitor are advertised or sold to consumers looking for products with reputations of value and durability. Of course, a substitute item may also find its way into the market where consumers might choose it as a suitable replacement, but at a much cheaper cost to them. This would definitely be a problem for any company. (Wheelen Hunger, p. 221-222, 2012). Bargaining power of buyers (customers) is generally a MEDIUM concern as consumer satisfaction is evaluated in a variety of ways. Otherwise, dissatisfaction can drive prices up or down based on demand (or the lack of). Quality is also a hallmark of Church Dwight and the perception by consumers of any potential lowering of standards to decrease prices will typically drive loyal customers away. And finally, Rivalry among existing firms (competitors) is HIGH as competitors try to achieve greater market shares to grow potential profit shares. To reduce industry competition, Church Dwight also have a very solid core of specialty products (Wheelen Hunger, p 35-9, 2012). Fortunately, Church Dwight has in an enviable position to profit from its dominant niche in the sodium bicarbonate products market since it controlled the primary raw material used in its production (Wheelen Hunger, p 35-9, 2012). Marketing The Church Dwight Co. Inc. sales are concentrated in United States and Canada where funnel it through mass merchandisers such as Wal-Mart, supermarkets, wholesale clubs and drugstores (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-7). Marketing strategy has been fairly simplistic in that its focus has primarily been on the sodium bicarbonate product lines for over a century, but since acquiring over 80 additional brands and the expansion into other product markets the brand recognition has become even more important than ever. As a result, marketing expenses for 2009 were $353.6 million, an increase of $59.5 million or 20% as compared to 2008 (Craigie, 2010, p. 29). Church Dwight catered to all demographics which allowed them to develop more and more organic products and services with large scale agreements to serve them. Unfortunately, attempts to enter international markets have met with limited success, probably for two reasons: (1) lack of name recognition and (2) transportation cos ts (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-11). Church Dwight decided to take their marketing tasks in house by having designed a campaign on one of their product that would shake people up particularly those who think that using condoms is not for them by airing commercials on prime-time television. This shock strategy increased its marketing strength and enabled the partnership with Quidel Corporation, a provider of point-of-care diagnostic test, to meet womens health and wellness needs (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-9). Product marketing is essential to reinforce brand name recognition so consumers never forget the value and quality of a companys name and its product lines. Finance Being the worlds largest producer and marketer of sodium bicarbonate-based products, Church Dwight Co. Inc was able to maintain a steady growth in both sales and earnings. For the past 30 years, the average company sales have increased by 10-15% annually (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-2). The companys domestic markets have proven successful because of the companys pristine balance sheet (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-5). in 2009, Church Dwights performance worldwide has achieved an increase in sales of 4 percent; organic sales increased 5 percent, gross profit margin increased 44 percent while global marketing expenses only increased 20 percent; and the Net Cash Flow grew to a record level of $401 million even more significant to investors is the report of earnings per share grew 23% and dividends on investments increased by 35 percent (Craigie, 2010, p. 1). ). In contrast to the growing profits and expenses, the company also jettisoned noncore assets for the first time, i ncluding five domestic and international consumer product brands acquired during the 2008 Del Laboratories transaction (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-5). The long-term business model is based on annual organic growth of 3-4%, gross marginal expansion, tight management of overhead cost and operating margin improvement of 60-70 basis points resulting in sustained earning growth of 10-12% excluding acquisition. They have added a $1 billion in sales for the past 5 years while reducing the total head count by 5% (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-2). the CEO remains focused on building a portfolio of strong brands with sustainable competitive advantages and the long-term objective is to maintain the companys track record of delivering outstanding TSR (Total Shareholder Return) relative to that of the SP 500 (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-2). Administration (Human Resources) The Companys leadership at the top has remained a stable hallmark of the company. The Boards of directors are structures into three classes with four directors in each class serving staggered period of three year term (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-2). the former CEO, Mr. James R. Cragie, stated à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[W]e have added $1 billion in sales in the past five years, a 72% increase, while reducing out total headcount by 5%, resulting in higher revenue per employee than all of our major competitors (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-2). Because of its continuous exposure to would-be suitors the company has entered into an employee severance agreement with key officials. It provides pay up to two times the individuals highest salary and bonus plus benefits for two years. As the company widens its coverage into the consumer products in early 2000s, the changes in its key personnel was noticeable by injected a pool of executives with wide range of experien ce in marketing and international background from known organizations such as Spalding Sports Worldwide, Johnsons Johnsons, FMC and Carter-Wallace (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-3). Technological advancements allow for increased productivity in various aspects of manufacturing and labor allowing for greater productivity without the added expense of additional manpower. The following is the companys published Ethical Standards: The reputation and integrity of Church Dwight Co., Inc. are valuable corporate assets, vital to the Companys success. Each Company employee, including each of the Companys officers and general managers and each Company director, is responsible for conducting the Companys business in a manner that demonstrates a commitment to the highest standards of integrity. Specifically, we encourage among Company personnel a culture of honesty, accountability and mutual respect. Additionally, we provide guidance to help Company personnel recognize and deal with ethical i ssues. Finally, we have provided mechanisms for Company personnel to report unethical conduct. Dishonest or unethical conduct or conduct that is illegal will constitute a violation of these Standards and are grounds for disciplinary action (Church Dwight Co. Inc, 2010). SWOT STRENGTHS The Church Dwight Corporation has several strengths, the company controlled the primary raw materials used in its production of Sodium Bicarbonate through its companys mines in southwest Wyoming, production was completed in company owned plants located in Green River, Wyoming and Old Fort, Ohio and they manufactured almost two-thirds of the sodium bicarbonate sold in United States (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-9). The sodium bicarbonate product line has proven itself for over 160 years with uses in baking, cleaning, and deodorizing, and as an added ingredient for things like drain openers and neutralizing agents. WEAKNESSES A potential weakness within the company is the overextension of branding into many other product lines. Until 1970, it produced and sold only two consumer products: ARM HAMMER Baking Soda and a laundry product marketed under the name Super Washing Soda. The company enjoyed success domestically, but in the international arena where growth was more products driven and less marking sensitive, the company was less experienced (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-6 35-7). Other weaknesses are the lack of name recognition from consumers, the capability in entering the international market due to being hindered by the cost of transporting the product, and the cost is four times of its domestic transportation cost. Opportunities There is a wide range of opportunities for Church Dwight Co. Inc. when it come to their sodium bicarbonate products as it continues to explore new use. Church Dwight gained recognition when it was utilized successfully for the delicate task stripping the paint and tar from the interior of Statue of Liberty without damaging the fragile copper skin (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-10). Future expansion in acquisitions and assets may prove more advantageous as potential consumer products become even more attractive to increase the profitability as the manufacturing base is expanded around the globe. THREATS The primary threat to Church Dwight is competition. Competitors have an even greater market share and larger marketing campaigns to remain leaders in their respective niche. There are also threats of buy-outs or hostile takeovers of Church Dwight but because of the company entering into an employee severance agreement with key officials (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-3)it has kept this issue away from them. 7.) Products or services Church Dwight consists of several acquisitions that cater to almost 95% of all US Households. These products are based on differences in the nature of their uses and organized into three reportable segments: Consumer Domestic, Consumer International and Specialty Products (SPD) (Craigie, 2010, p. 2). The company currently produces 80 different product lines, in which (8) major brands make up a total of 80 percent of its business (Craigie, 2010, p. 1), including: ARM HAMMER, Trojan, Oxiclean, Spinbrush, First Response, Nair, Orajel, and Xtra Leading Deep Value Laundry Detergent (Craigie, 2010, p. 1). Church Dwight has a discreet marketing team focused solely on new product development which leads cross-functional efforts. In partnership withà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦RD colleagues, uses both internal and external resources to identify, design and market new productsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦accounted for over $400 million, or over 15 percent in total sales, in 2009 (Church Dwi ght Co. Inc, 2010). The products ranges from dentifrice, chemical agent to absorb or neutralize odors and acidity, a kidney dialysis element, a blast media, an environmentally friendly cleaning agent, a swimming pool pH stabilizer, and pollution control agent (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-2). The company is also focused on goals to develop differentiated products with new and distinctive features, increased convenience and value, and engaging outside contractors for research and development activities (Church Dwight Co. Inc, 2010). B. PROBLEM DEFINITION The problem presented in this case study was that Church Dwight needed to rationalize its expanded consumer products, while presenting a consistent operating profit and increasing market shares of the household product industry. Potential marketing problems arose when companys own products were placed along with its well-known brand name and confused consumers. The companys corporate objectives were: (1) to maintain a steady growth by staying focus on long term goals; (2) to provide best result to shareholders; (3) to continue seeking new uses of its core products (4) to maintain and keep cost under control; (5) to enter the international market and continually seeking for opportunity for growth. In order for Church Dwight to retain its position, it must continue to provide outstanding customer service, excellence in product quality, invest in cutting edge technology, and develop new uses for its primary product line. every market has its saturation point where products matures after reaching its peak because of this point the company must be ready to adapt to a continuous cycle of change. Church Dwight enjoy a considerably large loyal customer base, competing with Proctor Gamble and other industry giants and to get customers to switch competitors is no easy task. The company should explore ways of improving the life of the consumers while maintaining and protecting the environment, new products and competitors will always emerge and there are limitless opportunities for growth in international market. III. SYNTHESIS ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS Brand recognition for ARM HAMMER brand products has already been established within the domestic markets of the United States, but international markets continue to be a challenge due to cultural differences in market populations, marketing strategies, and language barriers that require new brand names to be more suitable for local languages/cultures. Church Dwight have been very effective in using its acquisitions to generate greater revenue but with the high cost of transporting its finished goods internationally, intense competition, and higher commodities costs it might be financially sound to entering into an agreement with an established international company. Another alternative could be to develop joint-business ventures with suppliers, manufacturers, distributers, and retailers. The benefit to this option would be to streamline production and sales and allow the ease of marketing products and services to its affiliates and partners. RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION The best solution for this company is to be able to retain the best products while satisfying competitive pressures. The following recommendation and solution of reducing expenditures and continuing the company policy of continued growth through new product development and market expansion with hopes of reducing costs. The continuous seeking of new use sodium bicarbonate will still be very effective for this company in years to come that is why the focus on this should never be lost for Expanding into new markets with major competitors jockeying for shelf space and retailers seeking to rationalize their breadth of product offerings, more changes may be considered (Wheelen Hunger, 2012, pp. 35-12). Church Dwight should develop new product lines both in domestic markets and globally as those markets are offering a much bigger area to be explored. In conclusion the ultimate goal of achieving huge revenue while maintaining cost of operation as low as pos sible has been always part of Church and Dwight Co. Inc. For them to reach where they are now in spite of unpopular name is truly a testimony of greatness that a company can achieve. This company, backed with 160 years of marketing and production experience will have a much clear brighter path of success as long as they continue to focus on their long term goals.

Tibetan Meditative Transformation Essay -- Buddhism Religion Papers

Tibetan Meditative Transformation When one hears the word "Tibet," several pop-culture images come to mind; these might include the often seen "Free Tibet!" bumper sticker, the perpetual smile of the fourteenth Dalai Lama, or the mental image of orange clad monks with shaved heads, chanting in unison. American culture has embraced many aspects of Tibetan culture in a rather superficial manner, but upon further inspection, it becomes apparent that these particular aspects have been embraced because they represent what is most important to Tibetans: their seemingly endless struggle for political freedom from an oppressive Chinese rule, the religious and political role of their charismatic leader, Tenzin Gyatso, and the role of religion in everyday life. One particular Tibetan practice which Americans seem to have latched onto is the idea of meditation. Many Westerners see it as a way to improve their lives; and yet meditation, while helpful, may not be all that unique in terms of its effects on occasional practitioners . Meditation is an essential part of Buddhism, the religion which pervades every aspect of the traditional Tibetan life; it was in part this central, unifying ideology that allowed the Tibetans to be almost completely self-contained, with little or no contact to the outside world, for most of their history prior to the twentieth century. The Dalai Lama and other religious figures lead the country; Buddhism is an inseparable part of Tibetan culture, to the extent that traditional Tibetans sometimes find themselves unable to relate to outsiders, and for this reason strove in the past to sustain themselves without trade or contact with other cultures. Prior to Chinese occupation, an extremely large percent of the ... ... Rehabilitation, 12, 117-125. Piburn, S. (1993). The Dalai Lama, a policy of kindness: An anthology of writings by and about the Dalai Lama. Ithaca, NY, USA: Snow Lion Publications. Stoyva, J., & Anderson, C. (1982). A coping-rest model of relaxation and stress management. In L. Goldberger & S. Breznitz (Eds.), Handbook of stress: Theoretical and clinical aspects (pp. 745-763). London: Collier Macmillan Publishers. Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., Ridgeway, V. A., Soulsby, J. M., & Lau, M. A. (2000). Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 68, 615-623. West, M. A. (1987). Traditional and psychological perspectives on meditation. In M. West (Ed.), The psychology of meditation (pp. 5-22). New York: Clarendon Press/Oxford University Press. Tibetan Meditative Transformation Essay -- Buddhism Religion Papers Tibetan Meditative Transformation When one hears the word "Tibet," several pop-culture images come to mind; these might include the often seen "Free Tibet!" bumper sticker, the perpetual smile of the fourteenth Dalai Lama, or the mental image of orange clad monks with shaved heads, chanting in unison. American culture has embraced many aspects of Tibetan culture in a rather superficial manner, but upon further inspection, it becomes apparent that these particular aspects have been embraced because they represent what is most important to Tibetans: their seemingly endless struggle for political freedom from an oppressive Chinese rule, the religious and political role of their charismatic leader, Tenzin Gyatso, and the role of religion in everyday life. One particular Tibetan practice which Americans seem to have latched onto is the idea of meditation. Many Westerners see it as a way to improve their lives; and yet meditation, while helpful, may not be all that unique in terms of its effects on occasional practitioners . Meditation is an essential part of Buddhism, the religion which pervades every aspect of the traditional Tibetan life; it was in part this central, unifying ideology that allowed the Tibetans to be almost completely self-contained, with little or no contact to the outside world, for most of their history prior to the twentieth century. The Dalai Lama and other religious figures lead the country; Buddhism is an inseparable part of Tibetan culture, to the extent that traditional Tibetans sometimes find themselves unable to relate to outsiders, and for this reason strove in the past to sustain themselves without trade or contact with other cultures. Prior to Chinese occupation, an extremely large percent of the ... ... Rehabilitation, 12, 117-125. Piburn, S. (1993). The Dalai Lama, a policy of kindness: An anthology of writings by and about the Dalai Lama. Ithaca, NY, USA: Snow Lion Publications. Stoyva, J., & Anderson, C. (1982). A coping-rest model of relaxation and stress management. In L. Goldberger & S. Breznitz (Eds.), Handbook of stress: Theoretical and clinical aspects (pp. 745-763). London: Collier Macmillan Publishers. Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., Ridgeway, V. A., Soulsby, J. M., & Lau, M. A. (2000). Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 68, 615-623. West, M. A. (1987). Traditional and psychological perspectives on meditation. In M. West (Ed.), The psychology of meditation (pp. 5-22). New York: Clarendon Press/Oxford University Press.

Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux Essay -- essays research papers

Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux 1827 - 1875 The son and grandson of stonemasons, Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux was born in 1827 in Valenciennes and moved to Paris at the age of eleven. Beginning in the early 1840s he studied at the Petite Ecole, the state school for training in the applied arts, formally called the Ecole Gratuite de Dessin, before entering the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in 1844, where he changed masters repeatedly, oscillating between typical student ambition (optimal credentials for the Prix de Rome) and his interest in more liberal approaches. Carpeaux moved from Ecole painter Abel de Pujol (1785-1861), to the independent sculptor Franà §ois Rude, and finally to the prestigious Ecole sculptor Francisque-Joseph Duret (1804-1865). After winning lesser competitions--despite being caught cheating--Carpeaux was awarded the Prix de Rome in 1854, but outstanding imperial commissions and illness delayed his departure until 1856. Once in Rome Carpeaux intensified his reputation as institutional bad boy, canny professional maneuverer, and provocative artist. As a pensionnaire he battled repeatedly with the Villa Medici authorities and flouted Ecole policy. Yet his major envois--the Neapolitan Fisherboy and multi-figural Ugolino (both begun 1857)--introduced his name in Paris and provided the artistic and commercial germs for his entire life. His pre-eminence, as the star among emerging sculptors, was established at the Salon of 1863, where he exhibited finished versions of those two works...

Neuropsychological Testing

Clinical neuropsychology is a field with historical origins in both psychology and neurology. The primary activity of neuropsychologists is assessment of brain functioning through structured and systematic behavioral observation. Neuropsychological tests are designed to examine a variety of cognitive abilities, including speed of information processing, attention, memory, language, and executive functions, which are necessary for goal-directed behavior.By testing a range of cognitive abilities and examining patterns of performance in different cognitive areas, neuropsychologists can make inferences about underlying brain function. Neuropsychological testing is an important component of the assessment and treatment of traumatic brain injury, dementia, neurological conditions, and psychiatric disorders. Neuropsychological testing is also an important tool for examining the effects of toxic substances and medical conditions on brain functioning.Before the introduction of neuroimaging te chniques like the computed tomography (CAT scan) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the primary focus of neuropsychology was diagnosis. Since clinicians lacked non-surgical methods for directly observing brain lesions or structural abnormalities in living patients, neuropsychological testing was the only way to determine which part of the brain was affected in a given patient. Neuropsychological tests can identify syndromes associated with problems in a particular area of the brain.For instance, a patient who performs well on tests of attention, memory, and language, but poorly on tests that require visual spatial skills such as copying a complex geometric figure or making designs with colored blocks, may have dysfunction in the right parietal lobe, the region of the brain involved in complex processing of visual information. When a patient complains of problems with verbal communication after a stroke, separate tests that examine production and comprehension of language help neu ropsychologists identify the location of the stroke in the left hemisphere.Neuropsychological tests can also be used as screening tests to see if more extensive diagnostic evaluation is appropriate. Neuropsychological screening of elderly people complaining of memory problems can help identify those at risk for dementia versus that experiencing normal age-related memory loss. As neuropsychological testing came to play a less vital role in localization of brain dysfunction, clinical neuropsychologists found new uses for their skills and knowledge.By clarifying which cognitive abilities are impaired or preserved in patients with brain injury or illness, neuropsychologists can predict how well individuals will respond to different forms of treatment or rehabilitation. Although patterns of test scores illustrate profiles of cognitive strength and weakness, neuropsychologists can also learn a great deal about patients by observing how they approach a particular test. For example, two pat ients can complete a test in very different ways yet obtain similar scores.One patient may work slowly and methodically, making no errors, while another rushes through the test, making several errors but quickly correcting them. Some individuals persevere despite repeated failure on a series of test items, while others refuse to continue after a few failures. These differences might not be apparent in test scores, but can help clinicians choose among rehabilitation and treatment approaches. Performance on neuropsychological tests is usually evaluated through comparison to the average performance of large samples of normal individuals.Most tests include tables of these normal scores, often divided into groups based on demographic variables like age and education that appear to affect cognitive functioning. This allows individuals to be compared to appropriate peers. The typical neuropsychological examination evaluates sensation and perception, gross and fine motor skills, basic and c omplex attention, visual spatial skills, receptive and productive language abilities, recall and recognition memory, and executive functions such as cognitive flexibility and abstraction.Motivation and personality are often assessed as well, particularly when clients are seeking financial compensation for injuries, or cognitive complaints are not typical of the associated injury or illness. Some neuropsychologists prefer to use fixed test batteries like the Halstead-Reitan Battery or the Luria-Nebraska Battery for all patients. These batteries include tests of a wide range of cognitive functions, and those who advocate their use believe that all functions must be assessed in each patient in order to avoid diagnostic bias or failure to detect subtle problems.The more common approach today, however, is to use a flexible battery based on hypotheses generated through a clinical interview, observation of the patient, and review of medical records. While this approach is more prone to bia s, it has the advantage of preventing unnecessary testing. Since patients often find neuropsychological testing stressful and fatiguing, and these factors can negatively influence performance, advocates of the flexible battery approach argue that tailoring test batteries to particular patients can provide more accurate information.Lezak, Muriel Deutsh. Neuropsychological Assessment. 3rd edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. Mitrushina, Maura N. , Kyle B. Boone, and Louis F. D'Elia. Handbook of Normative Data for Neuropsychological Assessment. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Spreen, Otfried and Esther Strauss. A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests: Administration, Norms, and Commentary. 2nd Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. Walsh, Kevin and David Darby. Neuropsychology: A Clinical Approach. 4th edition. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1999.

An Outline of the Cell Theory

Chapter 2 IB Biology 2. 1 Cell Theory 2. 1. 1 Outline the cell theory (2). †¢All organisms are composed of one or more cells †¢Cells are the smallest units of life †¢All cells come from preexisting cells †¢TOK: cell theory replaces the former ideas of spontaneous generation or abiogenesis in which inanimate matter assembles itself into living forms †¢Exception: muscle cells- more than 1 nucleus, very long; (fungal cells) hyphae roots- not a single unit; protoctista- not specialized to single function; subcellular things like organelles 2. 1. Discuss the evidence for the cell theory (3). †¢Robert Hooke first described cells in 1665 while observing cork with a microscope he built. Coined the term â€Å"cell†Antoine van Leeuwenhoek observed the 1st living cells and referred to them as animalcules. â€Å"microscope† †¢In 1838, botanist Mathias Schleiden stated that plants are made of independent separate being called cells. Later, Theoder Schwann made a similar statement about animals. †¢The 2nd principle continues to gain support because we have not been able to find any living entity that is not made of at least one cell. Louis Pasteur in the 1860s performed experiments to support the last principle. After sterilizing chicken broth by boiling, Pasteur showed that living organisms would not ‘spontaneously’ reappear. â€Å"biogenesis† †¢Only after exposure to preexisting cells was life able to re-establish itself in the chicken broth. †¢Eukaryotes- mitosis; prokaryotes- binary fission; thus all cells have a common ancestor- original ancestral form 2. 1. 3State that unicellular organisms carry out all the functions of life (1). †¢Functions include: Metabolism- chemical reactions that occur within an organism †¢Growth- may be limited but is always evident in some way †¢Reproduction- hereditary molecules that can be passed to offspring †¢Response- to environment is imperative to survival †¢Homeostasis- maintain a constant internal environment ex: temp †¢Nutrition- provide a source of compounds with many chemical bonds which can be broken to provide the organism with the NRG and the nutrients necessary to maintain life CHNOPS 2. 1. 4 Compare the relative sizes of molecules, cell membrane thickness, viruses, bacteria, organelles and cells, using the appropriate SI unit (3). Cells- 100 micrometers (plant) †¢Organelles- < 10 micrometers †¢Bacteria- 1 micrometer †¢Viruses- 100 nanometers†¢Membranes- 10 nanometers thick †¢Molecules- 1 nanometer †¢Animal cell- 10 micrometers †¢cm = 10-2 m †¢mm = 10-3 m †¢um = 10-6 m †¢nm = 10-9 m †¢A = 10-10 m 2. 1. 5 Calculate the linear magnification of drawings and the actual size of specimens in images of known magnification (2). †¢Magnification = size of image divided by the size of specimen †¢Magnification = measured length / scale ba r level †¢Actual size = measured length / magnification 2. 1. Explain the importance of the surface area to volume ratio as a factor limiting cell size (3). †¢In the cell, the rate of heat and waste production and rate of resource consumption are functions that depend of its volume. †¢Most of the chemical reactions occur in the interior of the cell and its size affects the rate of these reactions.†¢The surface of the cell, the membrane, controls what materials move in and out of the cell. †¢Cells with more surface are per unit volume are able to move materials in and out of the cell, for each unit volume of the cell. As the width of the object increases, the surface area also increases but at a much slower rate than the volume. †¢This means that a large cell has less surface area to bring in needed materials and to rid the cell of waste than a small cell. †¢Because of this, cells are limited to the size they can attain and still be able to carry ou t the functions of life. Large animals have more cells not larger ones. †¢A large surface area to volume ratio means the cell can act more efficiently: for every unit of volume that requires nutrients or produces waste, there is more membrane to serve it. But this is not always an advantage- cell can lose heat quickly.†¢As organisms grow, cells divide. 2 small cells are more efficient than one. †¢Alveoli in lungs maximize surface for gas exchange. 2. 1. 7 State that multicellular organisms show emergent properties (1). †¢Different things come together to make process †¢Cells-tissues-organs-etc. †¢Ability to reproduce themselves. Allows possibility of growth and for replacement of damaged or dead cells. 2. 1. 8 Explain that cells in multicellular organisms differentiate to carry out specialized functions by expressing some of their genes but not others (3). Start out as single cell that reproduces at a rapid rate then the resulting cells go through a dif ferentiation (different cells- different functions- to run an organism) process to produce all required cell types that are necessary for organism. †¢Every cell in a multicellular organism contains all the genes of that organism. However, the genes that are activated vary from cell to cell. †¢Differentiation- when we break something complex into its component pieces, they each appear to be simple. Combined, they can perform a whole new function.Cells within a multi cellular organism specialize their function. †¢Examples: muscles cells, cardiac cells †¢This differentiation process is the result of the expression of certain specific genes but not others †¢Genes allow for the production of all different cells in the organism †¢Each cell contains all the genetic info for the production of the complete organism †¢Each cell becomes a specific type of cell dependent of which DNA segment becomes active 2. 1. 9 State that stem cells retain the capacity to d ivide and have the ability to differentiate along different pathways (1). Retain ability to divide and differentiate into various cell types †¢Embryonic stem cells retain the ability to form any type of cell in an organism and can even form a complete organism †¢When stem cells divide to form a specific type of tissue, they also produce some cells that remain as stem cells. This allows for the continual production of a particular type of tissue.†¢Pluripotent- give rise to any type of cell †¢Treating diseases? 2. 1. 10 Outline one therapeutic use of stem cells (2). †¢Replace differentiated cells lost due to injury Therapeutic cloning- implanted stem cells replace lost cells †¢Tissue- specific stem cells- these cells reside in certain tissue types and can only produce new cells of that particular tissue †¢For example, stem cells have been introduced to humans to replace the damaged bone marrow of some leukemia patients †¢Bone marrow transplants are one of the many therapeutic uses of stem cells. Stem cells found in the bone marrow give rise to the red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in the body. These stem cells can be used in bone marrow transplants to treat people who have certain types of cancer.When a patient has cancer and is given high doses of chemotherapy, the chemotherapy kills the cancer cells but also the normal cells in the bone marrow. This means that the patient cannot produce blood cells. So before the patient is treated with chemotherapy, he or she can undergo a bone marrow harvest in which stem cells are removed from the bone marrow by using a needle which is inserted into the pelvis (hip bone). Alternatively, if stem cells cannot be used from the patient then they can be harvested from a matching donor.After the chemotherapy treatment the patient will have a bone marrow transplant in which the stem cells are transplanted back into the patient through a drip, usually via a vein in the chest or the arm. These transplanted stem cells will then find their way back to the bone marrow and start to produce healthy blood cells in the patient. Therefore the therapeutic use of stem cells in bone marrow transplants is very important as it allows some patients with cancer to undergo high chemotherapy treatment.Without this therapeutic use of stem cells, patients would only be able to take low doses of chemotherapy which could lower their chances of curing the disease. †¢Ethical issues- embryonic stem cells come from embryos obtained from labs doing IVF. involves death of embryo. 2. 2 Prokaryotic Cells 2. 2. 1 Draw and label a diagram of the ultrastructure of Escherichia coli (E. coli) as an example of a prokaryote (1). †¢Plasmid is circular thing not on diagram. Refer to book. †¢Size of cell: 1-2 um †¢Absence of membrane bound organelles Prokaryote examples: (look at notes for pictures) †¢straight rod- Escherichia †¢Club shaped rod- corynebacterium â⠂¬ ¢Spore forming rods- bacillus †¢Coccus Staphylococcus 2. 2. 2 Annotate the diagram with the functions of each named structure. †¢Cell wall: Protects the cell from the outside environment and maintains the shape of the cell. It also prevents the cell from bursting if internal pressure rises. †¢Plasma membrane: Semi-permeable membrane that controls the substances moving into and out of the cell. It contains integral and peripheral proteins.Substances pass through by either active or passive transport. †¢Cytoplasm: Contains many enzymes used to catalyze chemical reactions of metabolism and it also contains the DNA in a region called the nucleoid. Ribosomes are also found in the cytoplasm. †¢Pili: Help bacteria adhere to each other for the exchange of genetic material. Involved in transfer of DNA in a process called conjugation (direct contact between bacterial cells in which plasma DNA is transferred between a donor and a recipient cell) †¢Flagella (s ingular flagellum): Made of a protein called flagellin.Helps bacteria move around (mobility) †¢Ribosomes: They are the site of protein synthesis. Contributes to protein synthesis by translating messenger RNA. free in cytoplasm (70s) †¢Nucleoid: Region containing DNA; involved with cell control and reproduction †¢Plasmid- small, circular DNA not connected to main chromosome; replicate independently of chromosomal DNA; not required by cell under normal conditions but it may help the cell adapt to unusual circumstances; normal to find at least one anti-biotic resistance gene within a plasmid †¢Slime capsule- sticky layer outside of cell wall, sticks cells together . 2. 3 Identify structures from 2. 2. 1 in electron micrographs of liver cells (2). 2. 2. 4 State that prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission (1). †¢Binary fission- simple division process in which DNA is copied and 2 daughter chromosomes become attached to different regions on plasma membrane and cell divides into 2 genetically identical daughter cells. Process elongation of cell 2. 3 Eukaryotic Cells 2. 3.1 Draw and label a diagram of the ultrastructure of a liver cell as an example of an animal cell (1). . 3. 2 Annotate the diagram with the functions of each named structure. †¢Ribosomes: Found either floating free in the cytoplasm or attached to the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and in mitochondria and chloroplast. Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis as they translate messenger RNA to produce proteins. †¢Rough endoplasmic reticulum: Can modify proteins to alter their function and/or destination. Synthesizes proteins to be excreted from the cell. Lysosome: catalyze the breakdown of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and carbs, fuse with old or damaged organelles so recycling can occur, breakdown of materials that are brought in by phagocytosis †¢Golgi apparatus: Receives proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum and may further modify t hem. It also packages proteins before the protein is sent to it’s final destination which may be intracellular or extracellular. †¢Mitochondrion: Is responsible for aerobic respiration. Converts chemical energy into ATP using oxygen. †¢Nucleus: Contains the chromosomes and therefore the hereditary material.It is responsible for controlling the cell. Extra: †¢Smooth ER- production of membrane phospholipids can cellular lipids, production of sex hormones, detoxification of drugs in liver, storage of calcium ions needed for muscle contractions, transportation of lipid based compound, to aid in liver in releasing glucose into bloodstream when needed †¢Centrosome- a pair of centrioles at right angles; involved in assembling microtubules which are important in providing structure and allowing movement and cell division †¢Vacuole- storage organelle; store potential food to provide nutrition, metabolic wastes and toxins to be expelled, and ater; enables cells to have a higher surface area to volume ratios even at larger sizes; in plants, uptake of h2o provides rigidity 2. 3. 3 Identify structures from 2. 3. 1 in electron micrographs of liver cells (2). 2. 3. 4 Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (3). Prokaryote Eukaryote DNA in a ring form without proteinDNA with proteins as chromosomes/chromatin DNA free in the cytoplasm- no nucleusDNA enclosed within a nuclear envelope No mitochondriamitochondria 70S ribosomes80S ribosomesNo internal compartmentalization to form organellesinternal compartmentalization present to form many types of organelles Size less than 10 micrometersSize more than 10 micrometers †¢also: unicellular vs. multicellular †¢no membrane bound organelles vs. membrane bound organelles †¢binary fission vs. mitosis †¢asexual reproduction vs. asexual and sexual reproduction †¢similarities: both cells have some sort of outside boundary that always involves a plasma membrane, both carry out all fun ctions of life, DNA is present in both . 3. 5 State 3 differences between plant and animal cells (1). Plant Animal Outer cell wall with a plasma membrane just insideOnly a plasma membrane Chloroplasts No chloroplasts Large centrally located vacuolesNo vacuoles/ or small ones Store carbs as starchStore carbs as glycogen Do not contain centrioles within a centrosome areaContain centrioles within a centrosome area Fixed, often angular, shape because of a rigid cell wallCell is flexible and more likely to be a rounded shape . 3. 6 Outline 2 roles of extracellular components (3).†¢The plant cell wall gives the cell a lot of strength and prevents it from bursting under high pressure as it is made up of cellulose arranged in groups called microfibrils. It gives the cell its shape, prevents excessive water up take by osmosis and is the reason why the whole plant can hold itself up against gravity. Prevents entry of pathogens. Allows turgor pressure/ high pressure to develop inside the cell. The animal cell contains glycoproteins in their extracellular matrix (ECM) which are involved in the support, movement and adhesion of the cell. Cell to cell interaction, strengthens plasma membrane, allows attachment between adjacent cells, directs stem cells to differentiate 2. 4. 1 Draw and label a diagram to show the structure of membranes (1). 2. 4. 2 Explain how the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of phospholipids help to maintain the structure of cell membranes (3). One area of membrane is water soluble and polar and is hydrophilic †¢The other area isn’t water soluble and is non polar- hydrophobic†¢These hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions cause phospholipids to always align as a bilayer if there is water present and there is a large number of phospholipid molecules †¢Membrane is flexible since fatty acid tail do not strongly attract one another †¢What maintains the overall structure of membrane is the tendency water has to form hydroge n bonds †¢In hydrophobic region (fatty acid tails) in animal cells these are cholesterol molecules- determine membrane fluidity (changes temp) †¢Proteins are embedded in fluid matrix of phospholipid bilayer (mosaic effect) †¢Integral proteins have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions in the same protein †¢Hydrophobic region (mid section of phospholipid membrane) holds protein in place †¢Hydrophilic region is exposed to water solutions on either side of membrane †¢Peripheral proteins do not protrude into the middle hydrophobic region but remain bound to the surface of the membrane 2.4. 3 List the functions of membrane proteins (1). †¢Hormone binding sites- have specific shapes that fit shape of specific hormone †¢Enzymatic action- catalyze chemical reactions †¢Cell adhesion- proteins hook together to form connections †¢Cell to cell communication- provide identification †¢Channels for passive transport- high to low concentrati on †¢Pumps for active transport- proteins shuttle a substance from one side of membrane to another by changing shape; ATP 2. 4. 4 Define osmosis and diffusion (1). †¢Diffusion is the passive movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.Osmosis is the passive movement of water molecules, across a partially permeable membrane, from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration (hypo-osmotic solution to hyperosmotic solution). †¢Facilitated diffusion- involves a membrane with specific carrier proteins that are capable of combining with the substance to and its movement 2. 4. 5 Explain passive transport across membranes by simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion (3). †¢Simple diffusion- substances other than water move between phospholipids molecules or through proteins which possess channels †¢Facilitated diffusion- nonchannel protein carriers change shape to allow movement of substances other than water. No NRG.Polar molecules need help. †¢Substances that move passively across membrane are influenced by size and shape †¢Small substances and nonpolar move with ease; large, polar, or both do not †¢Channel proteins- create a hydrophilic pore in membrane through which small changed particles (ions) can diffuse into cell †¢Transport proteins- help move substances (glucose) into cell. Substrate binds to protein which carries molecules across membrane and releases it inside cell 2. 4. 6 Explain the role of protein pumps and ATP in active transport across membranes (3). †¢Active transport involves the movement of substances through the membrane using NRG from ATP.The advantage of active transport is that substances can be moved against the gradient, meaning from low to high concentration †¢This is possible because the cell membrane has protein pumps embedded it which are used in active transport to move substances using ATP †¢E ach protein pump only transports certain substances so the cell can control what comes in and goes out †¢Transport or carrier proteins †¢Ex: Na +/ K + pump. Sodium moved out of cell, potassium moved in (important for nerve cells) 2. 4. 7 Explain how vesicles are used to transport materials within a cell between the rough ER, Golgi apparatus, and plasma membrane (3). †¢Materials are transmitted between rough ER, Golgi app, and plasma membrane †¢Nucleus contains chromosomes that contain genes for coding proteins.RNA passes from nucleus to cytoplasm †¢Rough ER contains ribosomes which make proteins intended for export †¢Protein goes into lumen of Golgi app for processing before it leaves through the cell surface membrane by exocytosis 2. 4. 8 Describe how the fluidity of the membrane allows it to change shape, break and reform during endocytosis and exocytosis (2). †¢The phospholipids in the cell membrane are not solid but are in a fluid state allowin g the membrane to change its shape and also vesicles to fuse with it. †¢This means substances can enter the cell via endocytosis and exit the cell via exocytosis. The membrane then returns to its original state. †¢In exocytosis the vesicles fuse with the membrane expelling their content outside the cell.The membrane then goes back to its original state. Endocytosis is a similar process which involves the pulling of the plasma membrane inward so that a vesicle is pinched off it and then this vesicle can carry its content anywhere in the cell. †¢Cell takes up substance by surrounding it with membrane, ATP †¢2 types: †¢pinocytosis (substance is liquid) †¢phagocytosis (substance is solid) †¢endocytosis and exocytosis- active transport that requires ATP; common in unicellular organisms Summary of processes: ATP requiredConcentration gradient DiffusionNoDown (high to low) Facilitated diffusionNoDown OsmosisNoDown Active transport with carrier proteinsYes Against is possible EndocytosisYesAgainst is possible 2. 5 Cell Division 2. 5. Outline the stages in the cell cycle, including interphase (G1, S, G2), mitosis, and cytokinesis (2). †¢The first stage of cell division is interphase which is divided into 3 phases; G1, S and G2. The cell cycle starts with G1 (Gap phase 1) during which the cell grows larger. This is followed by phase S (synthesis) during which the DNA is replicated. Finally, G2 (gap phase 2) is the second growth phase in which organelles increase in number, cell grows and preps for mitosis, DNA begins to condense form chromatin to chromosomes and microtubules begin to form. †¢? The fourth stage is mitosis, which is divided into prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.During mitosis the spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes and pull sister chromatids apart, providing the same genetic material to each of these locations. This stage separates the two daughter genomes. †¢Finally, cytokinesis is the last stage during which the cytoplasm divides to create two daughter cells. In animal cells the cell is pinched in two to form a cleavage furrow while plant cells form a plate between the dividing cells. 2. 5. 2 State that tumors (cancer) are the result of uncontrolled cell division and that these can occur in any organ or tissue (1). †¢Proto-oncogenes are genes that produce proteins, which stimulate growth (cell division). If mutation occurs, a tumor will form. Mutations: radiation, viruses, chemicals that are carcinogenic, EM radiation 2. 5.3 States that interphase is an active period in the life of a cell when many metabolic reactions occur, including protein synthesis, DNA replication, and an increase in the # of mitochondria and/or chloroplasts (1). 2. 5. 4 Describe the events that occur in the 4 phases of mitosis (2). †¢During prophase, chromatin becomes chromosomes, nuclear envelope disintegrates, the spindle microtubules begin to form, centrosomes move toward opposite poles of cell due to lengthening microtubules. Each chromosome consists of 2 identical sister chromatids held together by a centromere. During metaphase, the chromatids move to the equator and the spindle microtubules from each pole attach to each centromere on opposite sides. †¢During anaphase, the spindle microtubules pull the sister chromatids apart splitting the centromeres. This splits the sister chromatids into chromosomes. Each identical chromosome is pulled to opposite poles. Chromatids of each duplicated chromosome separate and become unduplicated chromosome†¢During telophase, the spindle microtubules break down and the chromosomes uncoil and so are no longer individually visible. Also the nuclear membrane reforms. Chromosomes become chromatin (shapeless). Centrioles replicate in animal cells. The cell then divides by cytokinesis to form two daughter cells with identical genetic nuclei. 2. 5. Explain how mitosis produces 2 identical nuclei (3). †¢During proph ase, the chromosomes become visible. The nuclear envelope disintegrates and the spindle microtubules grow and extend from each pole to the equator. †¢At metaphase the chromatids move to the equator. The sister chromatids are two DNA molecules formed by DNA replication and are therefore identical.†¢These sister chromatids are then separated in anaphase as the spindle microtubules attaches to centromere and pulls the sister chromatids to opposite poles. As the sister chromatids separate they are called chromosomes. This means that each pole has the same chromosomes (same genetic material). Finally the microtubules break down, the chromosomes uncoil and the nuclear membrane reforms. The cell then divides into two daughter cells with genetically identical nuclei. †¢4 chromosomes in parent cell = 4 chromosomes in each daughter cell †¢duplicated chromosome with 2 strands connected by centromere and chromosome is 1 strand 2. 5. 6 State that growth, embryonic development , tissue repair, and asexual reproduction involve mitosis (1). †¢Growth- production of similar cells †¢Embryonic development- allows zygote to grow into multicellular organism †¢Tissue repair- wounds need identical replacement cells †¢Asexual reproduction- allows for a rapid and significant increase in number of individuals