Nobel Prizes in Chemistry Essay

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry has been awarded 104 times to 163 Nobel Laureates between 1901 and 2012. Frederick Sanger is the only Nobel Laureate who has been awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry twice, in 1958 and 1980. This means that a total of 162 individuals have genuine the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Click on the links to get more(prenominal) information.2012 Robert J. Lefkowitz and Brian K. Kobilka for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors2011 Dan Shechtman for the husking of quasicrystals2010 Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi and Akira Suzuki for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in extreme entailment2009 Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz and adenosine deaminase E. Yonath for studies of the twist and function of the ribosome2008 Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie and Roger Y. Tsien for the find and nurture of the green fluorescent protein, GFP2007 Gerhard Ertl for his studies of chemic processes on solid surfaces2006 Roger D. Kornberg for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription2005 Yves Chauvin, Robert H. Grubbs and Richard R. Schrock for the victimization of the metathesis method in organic tax write-off2004 Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko and Irwin Rose for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation2003 for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes2003 Peter Agre for the discovery of pee channels2003 Roderick MacKinnon for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels2002 for the development of methods for identification and twist analyses of biological macromolecules2002 tooshie B. Fenn and Koichi Tanaka for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules2002 Kurt Wthrich for his development of nuclear magnetic sonorousness spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution2001 William S. Knowles and Ryoji Noyori for their take to the woods on ch irally catalysed hydrogenation chemical reactions2001 K. Barry Sharpless for his become on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions2000 Alan J. Heeger, Alan G. MacDiarmid and Hideki Shirakawa for the discovery and development of semiconducting polymers1999 Ahmed H. Zewail for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy1998 Walter Kohn for his development of the density-functional theory1998 bath A. Pople for his development of computational methods in quantum chemical science1997 Paul D. Boyer and John E. footer for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the subtraction of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)1997 Jens C. Skou for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase1996 Robert F. Curl Jr., Sir Harold W. Kroto and Richard E. Smalley for their discovery of fullerenes1995 Paul J. Crutzen, Mario J. Molina and F. Sherwood Rowland for their utilization in atmospheric chemistry, in particul ar concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone1994 George A. Olah for his contribution to carbocation chemistry1993 for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry1993 Kary B. Mullis for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method1993 Michael Smith for his organic contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies1992 Rudolph A. Marcus for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems1991 Richard R. Ernst for his contributions to the development of the methodology of spirited resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy1990 Elias James Corey for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis1989 Sidney Altman and Thomas R. Cech for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA1988 Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber and Hartmut Michel for the determination of the three-dimensiona l structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre1987 Donald J. Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn and Charles J. Pedersen for their development and riding habit of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity1986 Dudley R. Herschbach, Yuan T. Lee and John C. Polanyi for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes 1985 Herbert A. Hauptman and Jerome Karle for their swell achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures1984 Robert Bruce Merri orbital cavity for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix1983 nuclear number 1 Taube for his mildew on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metallic element complexes1982 Aaron Klug for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes1981 Kenichi Fukui and Roald Hoffmann for their theories, essential independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions1980 Paul Berg for his natural studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular deal to recombinant-DNA1980 Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids1979 Herbert C. Brown and Georg Wittig for their development of the social function of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis1978 Peter D. Mitchell for his contribution to the appreciation of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory1977 Ilya Prigogine for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures1976 William N. Lipscomb for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding1975 John Warcup Cornforth for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions1975 Vladimir Prelog f or his look into into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions1974 Paul J. Flory for his complete achievements, two theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules1973 Ernst Otto Fischer and Geoffrey Wilkinson for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds1972 Christian B. Anfinsen for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation1972 Stanford Moore and William H. beer mug for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule1971 Gerhard Herzberg for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals1970 Luis F. Leloir for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohyd rates1969 Derek H. R. Barton and Odd Hassel for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its exertion in chemistry1968 Lars Onsager for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are thorough for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes1967 Manfred Eigen, Ronald George Wreyford Norrish and George Porter for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equlibrium by means of very short pulses of energy1966 Robert S. Mulliken for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method1965 Robert Burns Woodward for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis1964 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances1963 Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta for their discoveries in the battlefield of the chemistry and technology of high polymers 1962 Max Ferdinand Perutz and John Cowdery Kendrew for their studies of the structures of globular proteins1961 Melvin Calvin for his look into on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants1960 Willard Frank Libby for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science1959 Jaroslav Heyrovsky for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis1958 Frederick Sanger for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin1957 noble (Alexander R.) Todd for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes1956 Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood and Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions1955 Vincent du Vigneaud for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone1954 Linus Carl Pauling for his research into the disposition of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances1953 Hermann Staudinger for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry1952 Archer John Porter Martin and Richard Laurence Millington Synge for their invention of partition chromatography1951 Edwin Mattison McMillan and Glenn Theodore Seaborg for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements1950 Otto Paul Hermann Diels and Kurt Alder for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis1949 William Francis Giauque for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures1948 Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the blood serum proteins1947 Sir Robert Robinson for his probes on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids1946 James Batcheller Sumner for his discovery that enzymes bunghole be crystallized1946 John Howard Northrop and Wendell Meredith Stanley for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form1945 Artturi Ilmari Virtanen for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method1944 Otto Hahn for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei1943 George de Hevesy for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes1942 1940 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The abide by cash was with 1/3 allocated to the Main stemma and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this apprise section.1939 Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt for his work on sex hormones1939 Leopold Ruzicka for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes 1938 Richard Kuhn for his work on carotenoids and vitamins1937 Walter Norman Haworth for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C1937 Paul Karrer for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vi tamins A and B21936 Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye for his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases1935 Frdric Joliot and Irne Joliot-Curie in acknowledgment of their synthesis of novel radioactive elements1934 Harold Clayton Urey for his discovery of heavy hydrogen1933 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.1932 Irving Langmuir for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry1931 Carl Bosch and Friedrich Bergius in quotation of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods1930 Hans Fischer for his researches into the make-up of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin1929 Arthur Harden and Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin for their investigations on the unre st of sugar and fermentative enzymes1928 Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus for the serve rendered through his research into the brass of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins1927 Heinrich Otto Wieland for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances1926 T he (Theodor) Svedberg for his work on split systems1925 Richard Adolf Zsigmondy for his demonstration of the heterogenous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used, which have since become fundamental in modern colloid chemistry1924 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.1923 Fritz Pregl for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances1922 Francis William Aston for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his choice of words of the whole-number rule1921 Frederick Soddy for his contributions to our k nowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes1920 Walther Hermann Nernst in recognition of his work in thermochemistry1919 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.1918 Fritz Haber for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements1917 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.1916 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.1915 Richard Martin Willsttter for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll1914 Theodore William Richards in recognition of his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements1913 Alfred Werner in recognition of his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules by which he has impel rude(a) light on earlier investigations and opened up new field s of research especially in inorganic chemistry1912 captain Grignard for the discovery of the so-called Grignard reagent, which in recent years has greatly pass on the progress of organic chemistry1912 Paul Sabatier for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals whereby the progress of organic chemistry has been greatly modern in recent years1911 Marie Curie, ne Sklodowska in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element1910 Otto Wallach in recognition of his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds 1909 Wilhelm Ostwald in recognition of his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction1908 Ernest Rutherford for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances1907 Eduard Buchner for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free hullabaloo1906 Henri Moissan in recognition of the great services rendered by him in his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for the adoption in the service of science of the electrical furnace called after him1905 Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer in recognition of his services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds1904 Sir William Ramsay in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system1903 Svante August Arrhenius in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation1902 Hermann Emil Fischer in recogn ition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his work on sugar and purine syntheses1901 Jacobus Henricus van t Hoff in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions